Emacs Beginner's HOWTO
Jeremy D. Zawodny: Jeremy@Zawodny.com
v1.12, 2001-03-25
This document introduces Linux users to the Emacs editor. It assumes
minimal familiarity with vi or a similar editor. The latest version of
this document is usually available from http://www.wcnet.org/jza
wodn/emacs/
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Copyright
1.2 Audience and Intent
1.3 What is Emacs?
1.3.1 Ports and Versions
1.3.2 Getting Emacs
2. Running Emacs
2.1 Starting & Quitting Emacs
2.1.1 What you'll see
2.1.1.1 The Menu Bar
2.1.1.2 The Status Bar and Mini-buffer
2.2 Some Terminology
2.2.1 Buffers & Files
2.2.2 Point & Region
2.2.3 Windows
2.2.4 Frames
2.3 Keyboard Basics
2.3.1 Command Keys (Meta, Esc, Control, and Alt)
2.3.2 Moving Around in a Buffer
2.3.3 Essential Commands
2.3.4 Tab Completion
2.4 Tutorial, Help, & Info
3. Emacs Modes
3.1 Major vs. Minor Modes
3.2 Programming Modes
3.2.1 C/C++/Java
3.2.2 Perl
3.2.3 Python
3.2.4 Others
3.3 Authoring
3.3.1 Spell-Checking (
3.3.2 HTML (
3.3.3 TeX (
3.3.4 SGML (
3.4 Other Modes
3.4.1 Version Control (
3.4.2 Shell Mode
3.4.3 Telnet and FTP
3.4.4 Man
3.4.5 Ange-FTP
4. Customizing Emacs
4.1 Temporary Customization
4.1.1 Variable Assignments
4.1.2 File Associations
4.2 Using a
4.3 The Customize Package
4.4 X Windows Display
5. Popular Packages
5.1 VM (Mail)
5.2 Gnus (Mail and News)
5.3 BBDB (A rolodex)
5.4 AucTeX (another TeX mode)
6. Other Resources
6.1 Books
6.1.1 Learning GNU Emacs
6.1.2 Writing GNU Emacs Extensions
6.1.3 Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction
6.1.4 The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
6.2 Web Sites
6.2.1 EMACSulation
6.3 Newsgroups
6.4 Mailing Lists
6.5 The Emacs Lisp Archive
7. Credits
______________________________________________________________________
1. Introduction
1.1. Copyright
Copyright © 1998 - 2001 Jeremy D. Zawodny. Permission to distribute
and modify this document is granted under the GNU General Public
License. An on-line copy is available at
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
1.2. Audience and Intent
This document is targeted at the Linux user interested in learning a
bit about Emacs and trying it out. This actually began as the outline
of a brief tutorial that I was to give at a Toledo Area Linux User
Group meeting: http://www.talug.org/. It has since grown a bit as the
result of the helpful feedback I have received from the community. See
the Credits section for details.
Having said that, there is virtually nothing Linux-specific in this
document. It applies to virtually all flavors of Unix and even Emacs
running on Microsoft Windows. But since this document is part of the
Linux Documentation Project, I make a point of saying that it was
developed for Linux users--because it was.
And finally, those of you who prefer the name GNU/Linux to simply
``Linux'' (read http://www.gnu.org/gnu/linux-and-gnu.html to see why
one might) are welcomed to mentally substitute GNU/Linux for all
occurrences of Linux in this document. While I don't disagree with the
reasoning and spirit behind that idea, I don't feel compelled to write
GNU/Linux.
1.3. What is Emacs?
Emacs is different things to different people. Depending who you ask,
you'll could get any of the following responses:
· Text Editor
· Mail Client
· News Reader
· Word Processor
· Religion
· Integrated Development Environment
· Whatever you want it to be!
But for our purposes, let's just pretend it's a text editor--an
amazingly flexible text editor. We'll dig deeper into the question
later on. Emacs was written by Richard Stallman (founder of the Free
Software Foundation: http://www.fsf.org/ and the GNU project
http://www.gnu.org/) and he still maintains it today.
Emacs is one of the most popular and powerful text editors used on
Linux (and Unix). It is second in popularity only to vi. It is known
for it huge feature set, ability to be easily customized, and lack of
bugs. It's large feature set and ability to be customized actually are
the result of how Emacs was designed and implemented. Without going
into all the details, I'll simply point out that Emacs isn't ``just an
editor''. It is an editor written mostly in the programming language
Lisp. At the core of Emacs is a full-featured Lisp interpreter written
in C. Only the most basic and low-level pieces of Emacs are written in
C. The majority of the editor is actually written in Lisp. So, in a
sense, Emacs has an entire programming language ``built in'' which you
can use to customize, extend, and change its behavior.
Emacs is also one of the oldest editors around. The fact that is has
been used by thousands of programmers over the past 20 (?) years means
that there are many add-on packages available. These add-ons allow you
to make Emacs do things that Stallman had probably never dreamed
possible when he first began work on Emacs. More on that in a later
section.
There are many other web sites and documents which give a better
overview of Emacs, its history, and related matters. Rather than
attempt to reproduce much of that here, I suggest that you check out
some of the places listed in Section ``Other Resources'' section of
this document.
1.3.1. Ports and Versions
It's worth pointing out that there are actually two different Emacs
editors: GNU Emacs and XEmacs. Both come from the same heritage and
share most of the same features. This document focuses on GNU Emacs
(version 20.3, specifically) but much of what you'll read here will
apply just as well to XEmacs and earlier versions of GNU Emacs.
Throughout this document I will simply refer to ``Emacs''. When I do
so, bear that in mind.
1.3.2. Getting Emacs
Getting Emacs is easy. If you are using a popular Linux distribution
like Debian, RedHat, Slackware, or any of the others, Emacs is
probably an optional package that you can install from your
distribution media. If not, you can get the Emacs source code and
compile it yourself. Visit the GNU web site for the exact location:
http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs.html
2. Running Emacs
2.1. Starting & Quitting Emacs
As a new user, you'll probably want to launch Emacs just to mess
around and try it out. Once you're into Emacs and want to exit,
however, you may not be able to figure out what to do. So if you've
never used Emacs before, give it a shot right now. At your shell
prompt, type emacs and hit enter. Emacs should start up. If not, it is
either not installed or not in your path.
Once you've seen Emacs, you need to know how to exit. The keystrokes
for leaving Emacs are C-x C-c. The C-x notation means hold down the
Ctrl key and press x. In this case, you'll then need to hold down Ctrl
and press c to finish the task.
The keystrokes used in Emacs will likely seem odd, foreign, and maybe
even uncomfortable to you at first--especially if you're a vi user.
Unlike vi, Emacs doesn't have separate modes for editing text and
issuing commands.
To re-cap: emacs will start Emacs. C-x C-c will exit Emacs.
2.1.1. What you'll see
When Emacs starts up it will consume a whole X window (or screen if
you're running on a console instead of in the X Window System). You'll
see a menu across the top, some text in the main part of the screen,
and a couple of lines at the bottom.
It will look something like this ASCII sketch:
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
|Buffers Files Tools Edit Search Mule Help |
| |
|Welcome to GNU Emacs, one component of a Linux-based GNU system. |
| |
| |
| |
| ... |
| |
|---1:---F1 *scratch* (Lisp Interaction)--L1--All-------------|
|For information about the GNU Project and its goals, type C-h C-p. |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------+
NOTE: Emacs will usually fill the entire screen/window. I've shrunk
the above example to save space here. You will also see a welcome
message in Emacs when you first start it. I omitted that as well and
substituted ``...'' instead. The welcome message simply identifies the
exact version of Emacs you are using as well as pointing you to the
on-line help and related items.
2.1.1.1. The Menu Bar
The topmost line of the Emacs interface is a menu. If you're running
X, you'll recognize them as traditional pull-down menus that you can
access using your mouse. Otherwise you'll need to use keyboard
shortcuts (not covered here) for accessing the menus.
2.1.1.2. The Status Bar and Mini-buffer
Of the last two lines in the Emacs interface, the topmost one is
essentially a status bar. It contains information about the buffer
you're working in, which mode Emacs is in, and various other things.
For now, just realize that it's there.
The bottommost line is called the mini-buffer. It is separated from
the main buffer by the status bar we just discussed. You can think of
the mini-buffer as the Emacs ``command-line''. It is where commands
that you give Emacs appear and it is where status messages are printed
in response to things you do.
You'll find that what I've called the status bar is usually referred
to as the mode line in Emacs related documentation. It is where Emacs
displays information about the current modes(s) you may be using as
well as things like the current date and time, line number, file size,
and almost anything else you might want to see there.
2.2. Some Terminology
This section covers the most basic of Emacs terminology that you'll
encounter when using and reading about Emacs.
2.2.1. Buffers & Files
Unlike some editors, when you open a file in Emacs it does not stay
``open'' the entire time you're working with it. Instead, Emacs reads
the file into a buffer in memory. While you're editing the buffer and
working with the data nothing is changed on disk. Only when you
actually save the buffer does the file on disk get updated. There are
advantages and disadvantages to this approach but it is only important
that you understand that it works this way.
As a consequence, you will see the term ``buffer'' used in Emacs
documentation, modes, packages, and so on. Just realize that buffer
means ``a copy of the file that is currently in memory.'' Oh, it's
worth pointing out that a buffer doesn't always have to refer to a
specific file on disk. Often times Emacs will create buffers as the
result of commands you run. Such buffers may contain the result of the
command, a list of selections to pick from, and so on.
2.2.2. Point & Region
In Emacs lingo, you'll often hear or see references to the point. In
general terms the point is the cursor. The actual distinction between
the point and cursor probably isn't important when you're first
starting out with Emacs. But if you are curious, think about it this
way. The cursor is the visual representation of the point. The cursor
is always ``on'' a particular character position in the current
buffer. The point, on the other hand, lives in the space between
characters on in the buffer. So you might say that if the cursor is on
the letter `h' in the word ``the'' then the point is between the `t'
and the `h'.
Like many modern editors, Emacs allows to perform operations (indent,
spell-check, reformat, cut, copy, paste, ...) on a section of the
current buffer. You can highlight (or ``mark'') a block of text using
the keyboard or mouse and then perform operations on just the selected
block of text. In Emacs, that block of text is called a region.
2.2.3. Windows
Okay, this will be a bit confusing to anyone who has ever used a GUI
interface before. Just remember that Emacs was developed long before
GUI interfaces and window managers were popular.
A window in Emacs is an area of the screen in which a buffer is
displayed. When Emacs is first started, you have one window on your
screen. Some Emacs functions (such as the help and documentation)
often [temporarily] open up additional windows in your Emacs screen.
Emacs windows have nothing to do with X windows in the GUI sense. You
can open up additional X windows to display Emacs buffers, maybe to
compare two files side by side. Those new X windows are referred to as
frames in Emacs lingo. Read on.
2.2.4. Frames
In Emacs, a frame is a separate X window in which an Emacs buffer is
displayed. But both are part of the same Emacs session. The behavior
is somewhat (but not too much) like what happens if you hit Alt+N in
Netscape Navigator.
2.3. Keyboard Basics
This section covers the basics of keyboarding for Emacs. Like every
powerful editor, everything that you can do with Emacs is just a few
keystrokes away.
If you're a vi user, the notion of using the k, j, l, h keys to move
up a line, down a line, forward by a character, and backward by a
character probably took some getting used to. In fact, it might have
taken you a few hours or even weeks of practice before you could
comfortably navigate a file using the various key combinations
available in vi.
Emacs is no different. There are different keystrokes and commands to
learn. Just like vi, you only need to master the basics to get a lot
of work done. Then, as time goes on, you can slowly expand your
knowledge and find faster ways of doing things.
2.3.1. Command Keys (Meta, Esc, Control, and Alt)
As you'll soon learn, Emacs makes heavy use of multi-key combinations.
Because it is not a modal editor like vi, you don't have to think
about being in ``command mode'' or ``editing mode'' before you can try
to move the cursor or execute a command. Instead, you just press the
right combination of keys and Emacs does as told (usually).
The keys that Emacs makes the most use of are usually abbreviated in
the documentation as C (for Control or Ctrl) and M for (Meta). While
most modern PC keyboards have one or more keys labeled Ctrl few have
one labeled Meta. You'll want to mentally substitute either Esc or Alt
for the Meta key. In most standard configurations, both Esc and Alt do
essentially the same thing.
So when you see a reference in any Emacs related documentation to C-x
f it means ``press control-x and then f.'' And if you see a reference
to something like M-x shell is means ``press alt-x and type the word
shell''.
A very useful command for beginners is M-x apropos or C-h a. apropos
will search the Emacs on-line documentation for all functions and
search for the regular expression you type. This is a great way to
discover all commands related to frames. Simply C-h a and then frame.
2.3.2. Moving Around in a Buffer
Now that you know what all those fancy abbreviations mean, here's a
list of the most common keystrokes for moving within a buffer:
Keystrokes Action
-----------------------------------
C-p Up one line
C-n Down one line
C-f Forward one character
C-b Backward one character
C-a Beginning of line
C-e End of line
C-v Down one page
M-v Up one page
M-f Forward one word
M-b Backward one word
M-< Beginning of buffer
M-> End of buffer
C-g Quit current operation
-----------------------------------
And, as you might expect, the cursor keys (or arrow keys) usually work
just as you'd expect. Your Backspace may not. That's another story.
:-(
2.3.3. Essential Commands
Okay, now that you know how to move around within a buffer what about
opening and saving files? Search? Here are some basic commands.
Before we jump straight to those commands, I need to briefly point out
how this works.
All ``command keystrokes'' in Emacs (those that are M-x something or
C-something) are actually just shortcuts to functions which are part
of Emacs. You can call any of those functions by typing M-x function-
name and hitting Enter. You can also use the keyboard shortcut for
that function (if it has one).
For example, the Emacs function which saves a buffer to disk is called
save-buffer. By default it is also bound to C-x C-s. So, you can
either use they shortcut to save the current buffer, or you could type
M-x save-buffer and achieve the exact same result.
All of the most common functions have keyboard shortcuts by default.
Some of them are listed below.
Keystrokes Function Description
-------------------------------------------------------------------
C-x C-s save-buffer Save the current buffer to disk
C-x u undo Undo the last operation
C-x C-f find-file Open a file from disk
C-s isearch-forward Search forward for a string
C-r isearch-backward Search backward for a string
replace-string Search & replace for a string
replace-regexp Search & replace using regexp
C-h t help-with-tutorial Use the interactive tutorial
C-h f describe-function Display help for a function
C-h v describe-variable Display help for a variable
C-h x describe-key Display what a key sequence does
C-h a apropos Search help for string/regexp
C-h F view-emacs-FAQ Display the Emacs FAQ
C-h i info Read the Emacs documentation
C-x r m bookmark-set Set a bookmark. Useful in searches
C-x r b bookmark-jump Jump to a bookmark.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
As you try many of those functions, you'll notice that many will
prompt you for input. They will always to do in the mini-buffer. This
is similar to using the : commands in vi or most commands that you'd
use within your favorite Unix shell.
Emacs has literally hundreds of built-in functions available. The list
above is a tiny sample that represents those that I use regularly. See
the on-line help for a more complete listing of the available
functions and more complete documentation on those I mentioned above.
2.3.4. Tab Completion
Like many popular Unix shells (bash, csh, tcsh, ...) Emacs offers
command completion via the Tab key. In fact, the command completion in
bash was modeled after that in Emacs, so if you use that feature in
bash you'll be right at home.
As an example, try M-x search and then hit Tab. Emacs will append a
hyphen to indicate that there are several possible completions but
they all have a hyphen as the next character. Hit Tab once more and
Emacs will display a list of the possible matches for you to choose
from. Notice that it does so in a new window. It temporarily splits
your display into two windows: one which contains the buffer you were
editing and the other contains the list of possible completions for
``search-''. You may hit C-g to exit out of the selection process and
close the new window.
2.4. Tutorial, Help, & Info
Emacs comes with an on-line tutorial which walks you through the basic
editing features and functions that everyone should know. It also
explains how to use the other help features in Emacs.
I highly recommend that you spend some time going through the tutorial
if you plan on making a serious effort to learn Emacs. As shown in the
table above, you can enter the tutorial via C-h t. The tutorial is
self-guided and aimed at folks who are just getting started with
Emacs.
If you are running Emacs in X, you will see that the rightmost menu on
the menu bar is labeled Help. As you explore the Help menu notice that
some items have keyboard shortcuts and those are listed right in the
menu.
Finally, to see the volume of documentation available with Emacs, you
should try M-x info or C-h i which launches Info, the Emacs
documentation browser.
3. Emacs Modes
Emacs modes are different behaviors and features which you can turn on
or off (or customize, of course) for use in different circumstances.
Modes are what make one editor (Emacs) equally useful for writing
documentation, programming in a variety of languages (C, C++, Perl,
Python, Java, and many more), creating a home page, sending E-Mail,
reading Usenet news, keeping track of your appointments, and even
playing games.
Emacs modes are simply libraries of Lisp code that extend, modify, or
enhance Emacs is some way.
3.1. Major vs. Minor Modes
There are fundamentally two types of modes available: Major and Minor.
The distinction isn't the easiest thing to grasp until you've worked
with a few of them off and on, but let's give it a shot.
Only one major mode can be active at a given time. Many minor modes
can be active at a given time. Major modes tend to be language or
task-specific, while minor modes are smaller and less specific
utilities that cut across many tasks.
Sounds kind of abstract, so let's try an example. There's a mode that
I use quite often when I'm writing plain old text files. It's called
text-mode. This mode was designed for writing free form text like a
README file. It understands how to identify words and paragraphs and
generally makes sure that it does what I expect when I use the normal
navigation keystrokes.
When I'm writing text for human consumption, I typically want it to
look good. It should be properly word-wrapped to a reasonable value
and so on. To enable word wrapping I just turn on the auto-fill minor
mode. This mode tries to do the Right Thing when I'm typing along and
hit the end of the line. The fact that it is a minor mode means that
it can work with several different major modes. My notion of the
``Right Thing'' to do when I hit the end of the line is different when
I'm in text-mode than it is when I'm in java-mode for example. I don't
want my Java code to be word-wrapped as if was English text. But I do
want the blocks of comments in my Java code to be word wrapped! auto-
fill mode is smart enough to figure that out.
The authors of various Emacs modes have done a great job of making
sure that things that should work as minor modes are minor modes.
If you look back at that ASCII sketch of an Emacs screen, you'll
notice that the mode line identifies the mode(s) that Emacs is in. In
that case it was in a mode called ``Lisp Interaction'' which is the
default mode. It's really only useful if you're going to be writing
Lisp code. (But since most of Emacs is written in Lisp, why not?)
3.2. Programming Modes
First and foremost, Emacs was designed by a programmer for
programmers. There are high-quality modes available for almost every
popular programming language you can think of (and even some not so
popular ones). I only briefly describe a few of them here.
Most programming modes share some common characteristics. Usually,
they'll do some or all of the following:
· Provide color-syntax highlighting for the language.
· Provide automatic indentation and code formatting for the language.
· Provide context (language) sensitive help.
· Automatically interface with your debugger.
· Add language-specific menus to the menu bar.
In addition, there are some non-language specific modes that help out
with tasks that are common to programming in many languages. Things
like interfacing to your version control software, automatically
adding comments to your code, creating Makefiles, updating Change Logs
and so on.
When you add all these modes together and consider the maturity and
stability of the Emacs code, it compares quite nicely to commercially
marketed Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for languages like
C++ and Java. And, of course, it's free.
3.2.1. C/C++/Java
Because the syntax of C, C++, and Java are quite similar, there is one
Emacs mode which handles all three languages (as well as Objective-C
and IDL). It's a very mature and complete package and it included in
the Emacs distribution. This mode is called either cc-mode or CC Mode.
For more details or to download a newer version, visit
http://www.python.org/emacs/.
3.2.2. Perl
There are actually two modes for editing Perl code in Emacs. The first
is called perl-mode (as you would expect) and the second is cperl-
mode. I don't have a good grasp of this history and why there are two
modes (the docs don't say), but it would appear that perl-mode was the
original mode for editing Perl code in Emacs. It seems to have fewer
features than cperl-mode and is lacking the ability to recognize some
of Perl's fancier language constructs.
Personally, I use and recommend cperl-mode which seems to be quite
actively maintained and has just about every feature I could ever
want. You can find the latest release here: ftp://ftp.math.ohio-
state.edu/pub/users/ilya/emacs.
But don't take my word for it. Try them both and pick the one that
best meets your needs.
3.2.3. Python
Python (another very popular scripting language) has an Emacs mode
available for it as well. As far as I can tell, it is not distributed
with GNU Emacs but it distributed with XEmacs. It works quite well in
both editors, though.
You can get python-mode from the official Python web site
http://www.python.org/emacs/python-mode/.
3.2.4. Others
There are many many other editing modes available to help out
programmers. Such modes help out with things like:
· Shell Scripts (Bash, sh, ksh, csh, ...)
· Awk, Sed, Tcl, ...
· Makefiles
· Change Logs
· Documentation
· Debugging
And much more. See the last section of this document for more
information on finding other modes and add-ins.
3.3. Authoring
Fancy Emacs modes are not limited to just those who write code. Folks
writing documentation (of any sorts) can also benefit from a wide
selection of Emacs modes.
3.3.1. Spell-Checking ( ispell mode)
Authors of many types of documents need to spell-check once in a
while. If you have GNU ispell installed, you can type M-x ispell and
spell-check the current buffer. If ispell finds words that it doesn't
know, it prompts you with a list of possible replacements and lets you
select one (or none) of them. It's functionally equivalent to the
spell-checkers in many popular non-free software packages.
3.3.2. HTML ( html-helper mode)
If you find yourself writing HTML files once in a while (or even a
lot), you might want to try out html-helper-mode. It is available from
http://www.santafe.edu/~nelson/tools/ as is the documentation and
related stuff.
As its name suggests, html-helper-mode provides lots of things to help
out those folks who still write HTML by hand--the old fashioned way.
3.3.3. TeX ( tex-mode )
When you're writing documents in TeX, it's often helpful to get Emacs
to add some color and highlight the backslashes, braces and other
characters. tex-mode takes care of that for you.
Though I don't write much directly in TeX anymore, when I did this
mode proved to be quite helpful in making my TeX source a bit more
readable.
3.3.4. SGML ( sgml-mode )
The document you're now reading was written in SGML (and probably
converted to the format you're reading it in). sgml-mode provides all
the basics for SGML documents: validation, highlighting, forward-tag,
backward-tag, and much more. It is a standard part of Emacs.
3.4. Other Modes
Of course, there are lots of other handy modes to make life easier.
Here's just a sampling of the popular ones:
3.4.1. Version Control ( vc mode)
vc mode interfaces with most of the popular version control back-ends
(RCS, SCCS, CVS) to make it very easy to check files in and out,
manage releases and so on. It is a standard part of Emacs and is
documented in the Emacs documentation.
3.4.2. Shell Mode
Why switch to another X window or virtual console just to run a few
shell commands? Do it from within Emacs and save yourself the trouble.
:-)
M-x shell will launch a shell within an Emacs buffer. You can do most
things with this buffer that you could do with a normal shell prompt
(except for running full screen programs like vi or pine) because
Emacs is talking to your real shell behind the scenes.
This is a standard part of Emacs, too, so you'll find it documented in
the Emacs docs.
3.4.3. Telnet and FTP
Why switch to another X window or virtual console just to run telnet
or FTP? Do it from within Emacs and save yourself the trouble.
(Notice the pattern yet?)
Just like running a shell inside of Emacs, you can telnet and ftp. Try
M-x telnet or M-x ftp to experience it for yourself. See the
documentation for all the gory details.
3.4.4. Man
Why switch to another X window or virtual console just to read a
manual page? Do it from within Emacs and save yourself the trouble.
(I promise. I'll stop.)
Just like running a shell inside of Emacs, you can read manual pages.
Try M-x man to experience it for yourself. See the documentation for
more.
3.4.5. Ange-FTP
To quote the ange-ftp documentation:
This package attempts to make accessing files and directo
ries using FTP from within GNU Emacs as simple and transpar
ent as possible. A subset of the common file-handling rou
tines are extended to interact with FTP.
That means you can treat files on remote machines as if there were
local. So if you need to edit a file on a different computer, just
tell Emacs to open it (using a slightly different path syntax) and it
takes care of all the details of logging in and retrieving the file.
Then, when you save the file via C-x C-s, ange-ftp intercepts the save
and writes the file back to the remote machine.
The slightly different path syntax goes like this... A file named
``myfile'', in a ``user'''s directory, on a machine named
``my.host.org'' can be opened by opening (C-x f) the file:
/user@my.host.org:~user/myfile
This, also, is a standard part of the Emacs distribution so you can
find it documented in the Emacs documentation.
Thanks to Etienne Grossmann (etienne@anonimo.isr.ist.utl.pt) for the
example above.
4. Customizing Emacs
Virtually all Emacs customization is done via Lisp code. You can
modify variables which influence the way Emacs operates or you can add
new functions to Emacs (or override existing functions--replacing them
with your own).
4.1. Temporary Customization
While experimenting with Emacs customization, you'll probably want to
do it in a way that is temporary. If you do something horribly wrong,
you can just C-x C-c to exit emacs and run it again. Once you've
figured out what changes you'd like to make permanent, you can add
them to your very own .emacs file so that they take effect every time
you start Emacs. This is discussed in the next section.
4.1.1. Variable Assignments
The easiest customizations are accomplished by changing the value of a
variable in Emacs. The list code to do this looks like this:
(setq variable-name new-value)
Where variable-name is the name of the variable and new-value is the
value you'd like to give the variable. (In Lisp-speak, you're binding
a variable to a value.) The setq function in lisp is analogous to the
assignment operators (usually =) in other programming languages.
NOTE: I'm glossing over many details here for the sake of simplicity.
You may also see me or others use the Lisp functions set and even
setq-default. If you're really curious, feel free to look them up in
an Emacs Lisp reference.
Let's look at a line from my .emacs file
(setq-default transient-mark-mode t)
The variable transient-mark-mode controls whether or not a region
becomes highlighted when I mark it. In many GUI applications, if you
click and drag the mouse to select a range of text it becomes hi-
lighted in reverse video or some other color. Emacs will do the same
thing it the transient-mark-mode variable is set (to a non-nil value).
A WHAT value?
Okay. Brief digression. Most programming languages have some notion of
true/false values. In C/C++ a value is considered true if it is a non-
zero value. In Perl, a non-null or non-zero value is true. In Lisp,
the same idea applies but the names and symbols are different.
True is usually written as t and false (or null) is written as nil.
Like in other languages, though, any non-nill value is considered
true.
To get the full description of what transient-mark-mode does, you can
use the on-line help. Type C-h v or M-x describe-variable and then
transient-mark-mode. If you're lazy like me, you can take advantage of
variable name completion using the Tab key. Just type part of the
variable name and hit the Tab key. If you've typed enough of it that
Emacs can already uniquely identify it, you'll see the whole name
completed for you.
Another variable that folks often set is fill-column. It tells Emacs
how wide the screen should be for the purposes of word-wrapping (and
auto-fill-mode respects this value). To set the value to something
absurd, you could type:
(setq fill-column 20)
But that won't actually do anything. You need to tell Emacs to
evaluate the expression you typed. To do so, put the point (cursor) at
the end of the expression end then type C-x C-e, which calls the
function eval-last-sexp in case you care. When you do that, notice
that 20 (or whatever value you used) is echoed back to you in the
mini-buffer at the bottom of the screen. That's just the return value
from the expression you evaluated.
Just to prove that it works, type a sentence or two. If you happen to
have auto-fill-mode enabled (you probably don't), you'll notice the
text wrapping at the 20 column mark. Otherwise, after you've typed
some stuff, type M-q which calls the function fill-paragraph. It will
then perform the word wrapping.
4.1.2. File Associations
You can configure Emacs to automatically do something when you open a
file of a particular type (just like some GUIs will automatically
launch a specific application if you click on the icon for a
particular file). For example, I may want Emacs to automatically
switch to text-mode every time I open a file with a .txt extension.
Well, that already happens. :-) So let's tell Emacs to always enter
text-mode when you open a file named ``README''.
(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("README" . text-mode) auto-mode-alist))
Huh?
Without diving into lots of Lisp programming that you really don't
need to know (but it wouldn't hurt you to learn), let just say that
the variable auto-mode-alist contains a list of pairs. Each pair
contains a regular expression and an Emacs mode name. If a file you
open matches the regular expression (in this case, the string README)
Emacs starts the mode you specified.
The funny syntax above is because we're actually adding another pair
to that mode list. You wouldn't want to just assign to auto-mode-alist
without making sure the values that it already contains aren't lost.
And if I wanted Emacs to automatically switch to html-helper-mode
every time that I opened a file that ended with .html or .htm, I would
add this to my .emacs file:
(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.html$" . html-helper-mode) auto-mode-alist))
(setq auto-mode-alist (cons '("\\.htm$" . html-helper-mode) auto-mode-alist))
The possibilities are truly endless.
4.2. Using a .emacs File
After you've spent some time with Emacs and have a basic idea of what
customization can do for you, you'll probably want to customize a few
things permanently (or at least until you change your mind). If you
find yourself using Emacs on a daily basis, you'll also notice that
your .emacs file get bigger as time goes on. That's a Good Thing
because it means you've figured out how to make Emacs work the way you
want it do work. It's a shame that more software products don't let
you do that.
In case you haven't already guessed, every time you start Emacs, it
looks for a file named .emacs in your home directory. Your .emacs file
is where you should put any Lisp code that you want run automatically
and that includes the sort of customization we've been dealing with
here.
Another example from my .emacs file:
(setq inhibit-startup-message t)
The inhibit-startup-message variable controls whether or not Emacs
displays that welcome message when it starts. After a while, I got
sick of looking at it (because I knew how to find the help and
whatnot), so I went in search of a way to turn it off.
As an exercise, try creating a .emacs file of your own and add that
line to it. Then exit and start Emacs again. You should not see the
welcome message.
Often times when your read about an Emacs mode (or a package), the
documentation will suggest some code to add to your .emacs file in
order to make the mode or package work in a particular way.
The GNU Emacs FAQ (C-h F) contains some items related to .emacs files
that you might find useful.
4.3. The Customize Package
As Emacs has grown in popularity and continued to evolved, someone
eventually said ``there has to be a better way to let novice users
customize their Emacs.'' And customize was born.
Customize provides a more intuitive method of customizing parts of
Emacs. To try it out, either visit the Customize sub-menu in your Help
menu, or type M-x customize.
Customize groups customization into logical groups like ``Editing'',
``Programming'', ``Files'', and so on. Some groups contain sub-groups.
If you make changes using the customize interface, Emacs will save the
changes to your .emacs file. That's rather handy, because you can
easily inspect (and change) the changes it made for you.
I don't use the Customize interface, so I can't say much more about
it..
4.4. X Windows Display
Like any well behaved X application, Emacs respects your X resources.
That means you can control the initial colors, geometry, and other X
specific things just as you could with an xterm, nxterm, or whatever.
Here's the relevant bit of my ~/.Xdefaults file:
emacs*Background: DarkSlateGray
emacs*Foreground: Wheat
emacs*pointerColor: Orchid
emacs*cursorColor: Orchid
emacs*bitmapIcon: on
emacs*font: fixed
emacs.geometry: 80x25
See your X manual page for more details about X resources.
Chris Gray (cgray4@po-box.mcgill.ca) also notes:
In Debian, the ~/.Xdefaults doesn't seem to be used. How
ever, Debian people can put what you have given in
/etc/X11/Xresources/emacs and they can have the pretty col
ors that they had when they were using RedHat.
5. Popular Packages
In addition to the many different modes available for Emacs, there are
also many add-on packages. I call them packages because they're more
than just new modes. They often include extra utilities or are so
large that calling them modes just doesn't seem to do them justice. In
still other cases, they are software which extends or integrates other
Emacs modes and packages. The distinction isn't entirely clear, but
that's okay.
5.1. VM (Mail)
To quote the VM FAQ:
VM (View Mail) is an Emacs subsystem that allows mail to be
read and disposed of within Emacs. Commands exist to do the
normal things expected of a mail user agent, such as gener
ating replies, saving messages to folders, deleting messages
and so on. There are other more advanced commands that do
tasks like bursting and creating digests, message forward
ing, and organizing message presentation according to vari
ous criteria.
When I first began using Emacs, I tried VM out for a while. I found it
to be a great replacement for Pine, Elm, or most any other mail
program. But I didn't want to use separate programs to read mail and
news. VM is actively developed and well supported today.
It is available here: http://www.wonderworks.com/vm/.
5.2. Gnus (Mail and News)
To quote the GNUS Manual:
Gnus is a message-reading laboratory. It will let you look
at just about anything as if it were a newsgroup. You can
read mail with it, you can browse directories with it, you
can ftp with it---you can even read news with it!
Gnus tries to empower people who read news the same way
Emacs empowers people who edit text. Gnus sets no limits to
what the user should be allowed to do. Users are encouraged
to extend Gnus to make it behave like they want it to
behave. A program should not control people; people should
be empowered to do what they want by using (or abusing) the
program.
GNUS is what I currently use for mail and news (as hinted above). GNUS
is also actively developed and well supported today.
It is available here: http://www.gnus.org/.
5.3. BBDB (A rolodex)
BBDB is an Insidious Big Brother Database, a rolodex-like program for
Emacs that works with most of the popular Emacs Mail packages (VM and
GNUS included).
It is available here:
http://pweb.netcom.com/~simmonmt/bbdb/index.html.
5.4. AucTeX (another TeX mode)
AucTeX is another mode for editing TeX files.
To quote the AucTeX web site:
AUC TeX is an extensible package that supports writing and
formatting TeX files for most variants of GNU Emacs. Many
different macro packages are supported, including AMS TeX,
LaTeX, and TeXinfo.
It is available here: http://sunsite.auc.dk/auctex/.
6. Other Resources
This section covers books, web sites, newsgroups, mailing lists, and
other places you can find more information about Emacs.
6.1. Books
There are a a few really good books available for learning Emacs. In
addition to these, you'll find that many Linux and Unix books also
contain a chapter or two about Emacs (and vi).
6.1.1. Learning GNU Emacs
Authors: Debra Cameron, Bill Rosenblatt, Eric S. Raymond
Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates - http://www.ora.com/
Commentary: This is probably the best book to start with. After you've
read the HOWTO and looked through the FAQ this book serves as a
comprehensive and very approachable tutorial.
6.1.2. Writing GNU Emacs Extensions
Author: Bob Glickstein
Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates - http://www.ora.com/
Commentary: After you've used Emacs for a while and have decided that
you'd like to try writing your own mode or maybe try out some advanced
customization, this is the book for you. While it doesn't attempt to
teach Lisp, it does contain a brief introduction to the language.
6.1.3. Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction
Author: Robert J. Chassell
From the README file:
This is an elementary introduction to programming in Emacs
Lisp for people who are not programmers, and who are not
necessarily interested in programming, but who do want to
customize or extend their computing environment.
You can retrieve the manual in its entirety via anonymous FTP from the
GNU FTP server: ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/gnu/emacs/.
Commentary: This a good introductory manual for Emacs Lisp--even if
you're not a heavy-duty programmer.
6.1.4. The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
Author: Richard Stallman
Publisher: The Free Software Foundation - http://www.fsf.org/
You can retrieve the manual in its entirety via anonymous FTP from the
GNU FTP server: ftp://prep.ai.mit.edu/gnu/emacs/.
Commentary: This is the definitive guide to the Emacs Lisp programming
language.
6.2. Web Sites
6.2.1. EMACSulation
EMACSulation is a column written by Eric Marsden that appears in the
on-line magazine Linux Gazette located at
http://www.linuxgazette.com/. The most recent column as of this
writing is located at
http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue39/marsden.html. Scan to the bottom
of the article for links to previous ones.
6.3. Newsgroups
Search you local news feed for newsgroups which contain the string
``emacs'' and you'll probably find many. Those which my server carries
are:
· comp.emacs
· comp.emacs.sources
· gnu.emacs
· gnu.emacs.bug
· gnu.emacs.help
· gnu.emacs.sources
6.4. Mailing Lists
There is a mailing list for GNU Emacs which is hosted by the Free
Software Foundation. See the web site
http://mail.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/help-gnu-emacs for more
information.
The only mailing list devoted to Emacs that I know of right now is the
NT-Emacs list. It is a list for folks who are using the Micro$oft
Windows version of Emacs. See the NT-Emacs FAQ
http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/voelker/ntemacs.html for more
information.
6.5. The Emacs Lisp Archive
From the Emacs Lisp Archive README:
The Emacs Lisp archives on ftp.cis.ohio-state.edu contain
various pieces and packages of Emacs Lisp code. Emacs Lisp
is the language used to extend the GNU Emacs editor pub
lished by the Free Software Foundation. Although much Emacs
Lisp code is included in the GNU Emacs distribution, many
people have written packages to interface with other sys
tems, to better support editing the programming language
they use, to add new features, or to change Emacs' default
behavior. Most of the contents of this archive have been
written by individuals and distributed publicly over the
Internet through the info-emacs or info-gnu-emacs mailing
lists or the comp.emacs, gnu.emacs, or gnu.emacs.sources
newsgroups.
The archives are available via anonymous FTP from ftp://ftp.cis.ohio-
state.edu/pub/emacs-lisp/.
NOTE: As far as I can tell, the Emacs Lisp Archive is slowly becoming
out of date. I see very few new (or updated) packages appearing there,
though I know they exist. They do get posted to the comp.emacs.sources
newsgroup. (Feel free to correct me if this is wrong.)
7. Credits
The following people have contributed to the success of this document.
· Craig Lyons Craig.Lyons@compaq.com
· Robert Vollmert rvollmer@gmx.net
· Larry Brasfield larrybr@seanet.com
· Etienne Grossmann etienne@anonimo.isr.ist.utl.pt
· Thomas Weinell kf6mli@amsat.org
· Adam C. Finnefrock adam@bigbro.biophys.cornell.edu
· Chris Gray cgray4@po-box.mcgill.ca
· Robert J. Chassell bob@rattlesnake.com
· Isaac To kkto@csis.hku.hk
· Matteo Valsasna valsasna@elet.polimi.it
· Tijs van Bakel smoke@casema.net
