<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="SGML-Tools 1.0.9"> <TITLE>The Linux Thai HOWTO: Thai Input and Output</TITLE> <LINK HREF="Thai-HOWTO-3.html" REL=next> <LINK HREF="Thai-HOWTO-1.html" REL=previous> <LINK HREF="Thai-HOWTO.html#toc2" REL=contents> </HEAD> <BODY> <A HREF="Thai-HOWTO-3.html">Next</A> <A HREF="Thai-HOWTO-1.html">Previous</A> <A HREF="Thai-HOWTO.html#toc2">Contents</A> <HR> <H2><A NAME="s2">2. Thai Input and Output</A></H2> <H2><A NAME="console"></A> <A NAME="ss2.1">2.1 Linux console</A> </H2> <P>Thai characters do not display properly in Linux console. If you mainly use X window, you may pass this section. <H3>Thai fonts</H3> <P>You can obtain Linux Thai console fonts which created by Mr. <A HREF="mailto:phaisarn_te@hotmail.com">Phaisarn Techajaruwong</A> from <A HREF="ftp://ftp.fedu.uec.ac.jp/pub/thai/UEC/ZzzThai/Sofware/Linux/fonts/console">ZzzThai ftp site</A><P>For example, there is a font name "phaisarn.psf". Put it in <CODE>/usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts/</CODE> directory. Then, you can load the new font from Linux console by command <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> %setfont phaisarn.psf </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <H3>Keyboard layout</H3> <P>You can set keyboard behavior as you like by using <CODE>loadkeys</CODE> command. Usually, you use <CODE>loadkeys</CODE> to load the file located in <CODE>/usr/lib/kbd/keytables</CODE>. You can create a US/Thai keyboard-map file and save it in this directory. Here is a sample. <P> <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> keycode 0 = keycode 1 = Escape Escape alt keycode 1 = Meta_Escape keycode 2 = +one exclam +0x0e5 plus alt keycode 2 = Meta_one alt shift keycode 2 = Meta_exclam keycode 3 = +two at +slash 0x0f1 control keycode 3 = nul control shift keycode 3 = nul alt keycode 3 = Meta_two alt shift keycode 3 = Meta_at keycode 4 = +three numbersign +underscore 0x0f2 control keycode 4 = Escape alt keycode 4 = Meta_three alt shift keycode 4 = Meta_numbersign keycode 5 = +four dollar +0x0c0 0x0f3 control keycode 5 = Control_backslash alt keycode 5 = Meta_four alt shift keycode 5 = Meta_dollar keycode 6 = +five percent +0x0b6 0x0f4 control keycode 6 = Control_bracketright alt keycode 6 = Meta_five alt shift keycode 6 = Meta_percent keycode 7 = +six asciicircum +0x0d8 0x0d9 control keycode 7 = Control_asciicircum alt keycode 7 = Meta_six alt shift keycode 7 = Meta_asciicircum keycode 8 = +seven ampersand +0x0d6 0x0df control keycode 8 = Control_underscore alt keycode 8 = Meta_seven keycode 9 = +eight asterisk +0x0a4 0x0f5 control keycode 9 = Delete alt keycode 9 = Meta_eight keycode 10 = +nine parenleft +0x0b5 0x0d6 alt keycode 10 = Meta_nine keycode 11 = +zero parenright +0x0a8 0x0f7 alt keycode 11 = Meta_zero keycode 12 = +minus underscore +0x0a2 0x0f8 control keycode 12 = Control_underscore control shift keycode 12 = Control_underscore alt keycode 12 = Meta_minus keycode 13 = +equal plus +0x0aa 0x0f9 alt keycode 13 = Meta_equal keycode 14 = Delete Delete Delete Delete alt keycode 14 = Meta_Delete keycode 15 = Tab Tab Tab Tab alt keycode 15 = Meta_Tab keycode 16 = +q Q +0x0e6 0x0f0 keycode 17 = +w W +0x0e4 quotedbl keycode 18 = +e E +0x0d3 0x0ae keycode 19 = +r R +0x0be 0x0b1 keycode 20 = +t T +0x0d0 0x0b8 keycode 21 = +y Y +0x0d1 0x0ed keycode 22 = +u U +0x0d5 0x0ea keycode 23 = +i I +0x0c3 0x0b3 keycode 24 = +o O +0x0b9 0x0cf keycode 25 = +p P +0x0c2 0x0ad keycode 26 = +bracketleft braceleft +0x0ba 0x0b0 control keycode 26 = Escape alt keycode 26 = Meta_bracketleft alt shift keycode 26 = Meta_braceleft keycode 27 = +bracketright braceright +0x0c5 comma control keycode 27 = Control_bracketright alt keycode 27 = Meta_bracketright alt shift keycode 27 = Meta_braceright keycode 28 = Return Return Return Return alt keycode 28 = 0x080d keycode 29 = Control Control Control Control keycode 30 = +a A +0x0bf 0x0c4 keycode 31 = +s S +0x0cb 0x0a6 keycode 32 = +d D +0x0a1 0x0af keycode 33 = +f F +0x0b4 0x0e2 keycode 34 = +g G +0x0e0 0x0ac keycode 35 = +h H +0x0e9 0x0e7 keycode 36 = +j J +0x0e8 0x0eb keycode 37 = +k K +0x0d2 0x0c9 keycode 38 = +l L +0x0ca 0x0c8 keycode 39 = +semicolon colon +0x0c7 0x0ab alt keycode 39 = Meta_semicolon keycode 40 = +apostrophe quotedbl +0x0a7 period control keycode 40 = Control_g alt keycode 40 = Meta_apostrophe keycode 41 = +grave asciitilde +minus percent control keycode 41 = nul alt keycode 41 = Meta_grave keycode 42 = Shift Shift Shift Shift keycode 43 = +backslash bar +0x0a3 0x0a5 control keycode 43 = Control_backslash alt keycode 43 = Meta_backslash alt shift keycode 43 = Meta_bar keycode 44 = +z Z +0x0bc parenleft keycode 45 = +x X +0x0bb parenright keycode 46 = +c C +0x0e1 0x0a9 keycode 47 = +v V +0x0cd 0x0ce keycode 48 = +b B +0x0d4 0x0da keycode 49 = +n N +0x0d7 0x0ec keycode 50 = +m M +0x0b7 question keycode 51 = +comma less +0x0c1 0x0b2 alt keycode 51 = Meta_comma alt shift keycode 51 = Meta_less keycode 52 = +period greater +0x0e3 0x0cc alt keycode 52 = Meta_period alt shift keycode 52 = Meta_greater keycode 53 = +slash question +0x0bd 0x0c6 control keycode 53 = Delete alt keycode 53 = Meta_slash keycode 54 = Shift Shift Shift Shift keycode 55 = KP_Multiply keycode 56 = Alt Alt Alt Alt keycode 57 = space space space space control keycode 57 = nul alt keycode 57 = Meta_space keycode 58 = Caps_Lock Caps_Lock Caps_Lock Caps_Lock keycode 59 = F1 F11 Console_13 control keycode 59 = F1 alt keycode 59 = Console_1 control alt keycode 59 = Console_1 keycode 60 = F2 F12 Console_14 control keycode 60 = F2 alt keycode 60 = Console_2 control alt keycode 60 = Console_2 keycode 61 = F3 F13 Console_15 control keycode 61 = F3 alt keycode 61 = Console_3 control alt keycode 61 = Console_3 keycode 62 = F4 F14 Console_16 control keycode 62 = F4 alt keycode 62 = Console_4 control alt keycode 62 = Console_4 keycode 63 = F5 F15 Console_17 control keycode 63 = F5 alt keycode 63 = Console_5 control alt keycode 63 = Console_5 keycode 64 = F6 F16 Console_18 control keycode 64 = F6 alt keycode 64 = Console_6 control alt keycode 64 = Console_6 keycode 65 = F7 F17 Console_19 control keycode 65 = F7 alt keycode 65 = Console_7 control alt keycode 65 = Console_7 keycode 66 = F8 F18 Console_20 control keycode 66 = F8 alt keycode 66 = Console_8 control alt keycode 66 = Console_8 keycode 67 = F9 F19 Console_21 control keycode 67 = F9 alt keycode 67 = Console_9 control alt keycode 67 = Console_9 keycode 68 = F10 F20 Console_22 control keycode 68 = F10 alt keycode 68 = Console_10 control alt keycode 68 = Console_10 keycode 69 = Num_Lock keycode 70 = Scroll_Lock Show_Memory Show_Registers control keycode 70 = Show_State alt keycode 70 = Scroll_Lock keycode 71 = KP_7 alt keycode 71 = Ascii_7 keycode 72 = KP_8 alt keycode 72 = Ascii_8 keycode 73 = KP_9 alt keycode 73 = Ascii_9 keycode 74 = KP_Subtract keycode 75 = KP_4 alt keycode 75 = Ascii_4 keycode 76 = KP_5 alt keycode 76 = Ascii_5 keycode 77 = KP_6 alt keycode 77 = Ascii_6 keycode 78 = KP_Add keycode 79 = KP_1 alt keycode 79 = Ascii_1 keycode 80 = KP_2 alt keycode 80 = Ascii_2 keycode 81 = KP_3 alt keycode 81 = Ascii_3 keycode 82 = KP_0 alt keycode 82 = Ascii_0 keycode 83 = KP_Period altgr control keycode 83 = Boot control alt keycode 83 = Boot keycode 84 = Last_Console keycode 85 = keycode 86 = less greater bar alt keycode 86 = Meta_less keycode 87 = F11 F11 Console_23 control keycode 87 = F11 alt keycode 87 = Console_11 control alt keycode 87 = Console_11 keycode 88 = F12 F12 Console_24 control keycode 88 = F12 alt keycode 88 = Console_12 control alt keycode 88 = Console_12 keycode 89 = keycode 90 = keycode 91 = keycode 92 = keycode 93 = keycode 94 = keycode 95 = keycode 96 = KP_Enter keycode 97 = Control keycode 98 = KP_Divide keycode 99 = Control_backslash control keycode 99 = Control_backslash alt keycode 99 = Control_backslash keycode 100 = AltGr_Lock keycode 101 = Break keycode 102 = Find keycode 103 = Up keycode 104 = Prior shift keycode 104 = Scroll_Backward keycode 105 = Left alt keycode 105 = Decr_Console keycode 106 = Right alt keycode 106 = Incr_Console keycode 107 = Select keycode 108 = Down keycode 109 = Next shift keycode 109 = Scroll_Forward keycode 110 = Insert keycode 111 = Remove altgr control keycode 111 = Boot control alt keycode 111 = Boot keycode 112 = keycode 113 = keycode 114 = keycode 115 = keycode 116 = keycode 117 = keycode 118 = keycode 119 = keycode 120 = keycode 121 = keycode 122 = keycode 123 = keycode 124 = keycode 125 = keycode 126 = keycode 127 = string F1 = "\033[[A" string F2 = "\033[[B" string F3 = "\033[[C" string F4 = "\033[[D" string F5 = "\033[[E" string F6 = "\033[17~" string F7 = "\033[18~" string F8 = "\033[19~" string F9 = "\033[20~" string F10 = "\033[21~" string F11 = "\033[23~" string F12 = "\033[24~" string F13 = "\033[25~" string F14 = "\033[26~" string F15 = "\033[28~" string F16 = "\033[29~" string F17 = "\033[31~" string F18 = "\033[32~" string F19 = "\033[33~" string F20 = "\033[34~" string Find = "\033[1~" string Insert = "\033[2~" string Remove = "\033[3~" string Select = "\033[4~" string Prior = "\033[5~" string Next = "\033[6~" string F21 = "" string F22 = "" string F23 = "" string F24 = "" string F25 = "" string F26 = "" </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P>Suppose you save this file as <CODE>thai.map</CODE>. From Linux console, use command <CODE>loadkeys</CODE> to load <CODE>thai.map</CODE>. <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> %loadkeys thai.map </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> You can switch to Thai keyboard by pressing the right Alt key. If you want to switch the keyboard back, press the right Alt key again. <P> <P> <H2><A NAME="xwindow"></A> <A NAME="ss2.2">2.2 X Window system</A> </H2> <H3><A NAME="install_fonts"></A> Thai fonts</H3> <P>You can obtain Thai fonts in bdf format or pcf format from internet. You can also use scalable fonts such as Type1 or TrueType fonts. But I will not describe about these. <P> <P> <H3>Installing Thai fonts</H3> <P>You must log in as root. Let's put Thai fonts in <CODE>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/</CODE>, this is a default font path. Change directory to <CODE>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/misc/</CODE> and run command <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> %mkfontdir %xset fp rehash </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> If you put Thai fonts in different directory, you must use <CODE>xset</CODE> to add the new font path. Please see man-page for further information. You can check the new fonts by running command <CODE>xlsfonts</CODE> and see whether there are Thai fonts or not. If you can not see any Thai fonts from this command, you may need to restart X window. <P> <P> <H3>Thai keyboard layoutThere are two ways to map Thai keyboard on X window, using X KeyboardExtension (XKB) and using <CODE>xmodmap</CODE>. Please select how you map Thai keyboard. Irecommend using XKB.</H3> <P> <H3>XKB and Thai keyboard layout.</H3> <P>Beginning with XFree86 3.1.2D, you can use the new X11R6.1 XKEYBOARD extension to manage the keyboard layout. This is very helpful. <P>During X server configuration with <CODE>xf86config</CODE> you will be asked about XKB, if you want to to set Thai keyboard layout for your system, say yes. There are a list of pre-configured keymaps. Choose Standard 101-key, Thai encoding. <P><CODE>XF86Setup</CODE> is the graphical X server configuration utility for XFree86 X server. It is easier than traditional <CODE>xf86config</CODE>. You can select a keyboard layout easily with this tool. <P>Ther are many choices of keyboard switch key to select. The default is LeftAlt+RightShift switch to Thai and LeftAlt+LeftShift switch to US. You can type Thai characters in any applications which support ISO-8859-1 character set, but don't forget to use Thai fonts with those applications too. <P>I found that pre-configured keymaps that came with XFree86-3.2 is not correct. You may not be able to type THO THUNG which located at " 5 key " . To fix this problem, you should add the line <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> key <AE05> { [], [ paragraph, ocircumflex ] }; </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> in the file <CODE>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xkb/symbols/th</CODE> as the example. <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> ................. key <AE03> { [], [ minus, ograve ] }; key <AE04> { [], [ Agrave, oacute ] }; key <AE05> { [], [ paragraph, ocircumflex ] }; key <AE06> { [], [ Ooblique, Ugrave ] }; key <AE07> { [], [ Odiaeresis, ssharp ] }; ................. </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> You can not type SORUSI also. Please change the line from <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> key <AC08> { [], [ Ograve, eacute ] }; </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> to <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> key <AC08> { [], [ Ograve, Eacute ] }; </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> Note that eacute is equal to MAITHO and Eacute is equal to SORUSI. <P>There are also XKB extension utilities such as <CODE>setxkbmap</CODE>, <CODE>xkbcomp</CODE>, etc. Please see man-page for more information. I recommend to use <CODE>xkbvled</CODE>. The leds will be on when you are using Thai keyboard so you can know your keyboard's status. <P>The following is part of <CODE>XF86Config</CODE> file about keyboard section. If you want to configure the keyboard by hand, change the content of <CODE>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XF86Config</CODE> as an example below. This configuration uses the default toggle key. <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> Section "Keyboard" Protocol "Standard" AutoRepeat 500 5 LeftAlt Meta RightAlt Meta ScrollLock Compose RightCtl Control # XkbDisable XkbKeycodes "xfree86" XkbTypes "default" XkbCompat "default" XkbSymbols "us(pc101)" XkbGeometry "pc" XkbRules "xfree86" XkbModel "pc101" XkbLayout "th" EndSection </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P>If you use XKB extension, Thai keyboard mapping with <CODE>xmodmap</CODE> may not work. See <CODE>XF86Config</CODE> man-page for mor information. <P> <H3>Thai keyboard layout with xmodmap</H3> <P>You can use the utility <CODE>xmodmap</CODE> to map Thai keyboard. Normally <CODE>xmodmap</CODE> is used to load a keyboard configured file. For most Linux distributions, when you start X window with <CODE>startx</CODE>, X server will find <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> in <CODE>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/</CODE> first. If <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> does not exist, X server will find <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> in your home directory. Please see the content of <CODE>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/xinit/xinitrc</CODE>. <P>The following is the sample of <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> for Thai Kedmanee keyboard layout. <P> <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> ! ! Linux/XFree86 Thai Kedmanee layout (based on US keyboard) ! Use ScrollLock to switch to Thai keyboard. ! This file will work with XFree86 only. ! keycode 0x09 = Escape keycode 0x43 = F1 keycode 0x44 = F2 keycode 0x45 = F3 keycode 0x46 = F4 keycode 0x47 = F5 keycode 0x48 = F6 keycode 0x49 = F7 keycode 0x4A = F8 keycode 0x4B = F9 keycode 0x4C = F10 keycode 0x5F = F11 keycode 0x60 = F12 keycode 0x6F = Print keycode 0x4E = Mode_switch XF86ModeLock keycode 0x6E = Pause keycode 0x31 = grave asciitilde minus percent keycode 0x0A = 1 exclam 0x0e5 plus keycode 0x0B = 2 at slash 0x0f1 keycode 0x0C = 3 numbersign underscore 0x0f2 keycode 0x0D = 4 dollar 0x0c0 0x0f3 keycode 0x0E = 5 percent 0x0b6 0x0f4 keycode 0x0F = 6 asciicircum 0x0d8 0x0d9 keycode 0x10 = 7 ampersand 0x0d6 0x0df keycode 0x11 = 8 asterisk 0x0a4 0x0f5 keycode 0x12 = 9 parenleft 0x0b5 0x0f6 keycode 0x13 = 0 parenright 0x0a8 0x0f7 keycode 0x14 = minus underscore 0x0a2 0x0f8 keycode 0x15 = equal plus 0x0aa 0x0f9 keycode 0x33 = backslash bar 0x0a3 0x0a5 keycode 0x16 = BackSpace keycode 0x6A = Insert keycode 0x61 = Home keycode 0x63 = Prior keycode 0x4D = Num_Lock keycode 0x70 = KP_Divide keycode 0x3F = KP_Multiply keycode 0x52 = KP_Subtract keycode 0x17 = Tab keycode 0x18 = q Q 0x0e6 0x0f0 keycode 0x19 = w W 0x0e4 quotedbl keycode 0x1A = e E 0x0d3 0x0ae keycode 0x1B = r R 0x0be 0x0b1 keycode 0x1C = t T 0x0d0 0x0b8 keycode 0x1D = y Y 0x0d1 0x0ed keycode 0x1E = u U 0x0d5 0x0ea keycode 0x1F = i I 0x0c3 0x0b3 keycode 0x20 = o O 0x0b9 0x0cf keycode 0x21 = p P 0x0c2 0x0ad keycode 0x22 = bracketleft braceleft 0x0ba 0x0b0 keycode 0x23 = bracketright braceright 0x0c5 comma keycode 0x24 = Return keycode 0x6B = Delete keycode 0x67 = End keycode 0x69 = Next keycode 0x4F = KP_7 keycode 0x50 = KP_8 keycode 0x51 = KP_9 keycode 0x56 = KP_Add keycode 0x42 = Caps_Lock keycode 0x26 = a A 0x0bf 0x0c4 keycode 0x27 = s S 0x0cb 0c0a6 keycode 0x28 = d D 0x0a1 0x0af keycode 0x29 = f F 0x0b4 0x0e2 keycode 0x2A = g G 0x0e0 0x0ac keycode 0x2B = h H 0x0e9 0x0e7 keycode 0x2C = j J 0x0e8 0x0eb keycode 0x2D = k K 0x0d2 0x0c9 keycode 0x2E = l L 0x0ca 0x0c8 keycode 0x2F = semicolon colon 0x0c7 0x0ab keycode 0x30 = apostrophe quotedbl 0x0a7 period keycode 0x53 = KP_4 keycode 0x54 = KP_5 keycode 0x55 = KP_6 keycode 0x32 = Shift_L keycode 0x34 = z Z 0x0bc parenleft keycode 0x35 = x X 0x0bb parenright keycode 0x36 = c C 0x0e1 0x0a9 keycode 0x37 = v V 0x0cd 0x0ce keycode 0x38 = b B 0x0d4 0x0da keycode 0x39 = n N 0x0d7 0x0ec keycode 0x3A = m M 0x0b7 question keycode 0x3B = comma less 0x0c1 0x0b2 keycode 0x3C = period greater 0x0e3 0x0cc keycode 0x3D = slash question 0x0bd 0x0c6 keycode 0x3E = Shift_R keycode 0x62 = Up keycode 0x57 = KP_1 keycode 0x58 = KP_2 keycode 0x59 = KP_3 keycode 0x6C = KP_Enter keycode 0x25 = Control_L keycode 0x40 = Alt_L Meta_L keycode 0x41 = space keycode 0x71 = Alt_R Meta_R keycode 0x6D = Control_R keycode 0x64 = Left keycode 0x68 = Down keycode 0x66 = Right keycode 0x5A = KP_0 keycode 0x5B = KP_Decimal clear Shift clear Lock clear Control clear Mod1 clear Mod2 clear Mod3 clear Mod4 clear Mod5 add Shift = Shift_L Shift_R add Lock = Caps_Lock add Control = Control_L Control_R add Mod1 = Alt_L Alt_R add Mod2 = Mode_switch </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> Just put <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> in your home directory will be OK. When you start X window, X server will load this file. <P>You can also load <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> from command line. <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> %xmodmap ~/.Xmodmap </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <P>In above <CODE>.Xmodmap</CODE> file, US/Thai switch key is assigned to keycode 0x4E (78), Scroll Lock key, with the statement <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <HR> <PRE> keycode 0x4E = Mode_switch XF86ModeLock </PRE> <HR> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> <CODE>XF86ModeLock</CODE> is the special keysym for XFree86 X server. If you don't add this keysym, you have to hold the scroll lock key while you are typing Thai characters. Note that if you use commercial X server, some keycodes are different. You may have to map keyboard by yourself. See man-pages of <CODE>X</CODE> and <CODE>xev</CODE> for further information. <P> <P><B>Note:</B> If you are using XFree86 version 3.1.2D or later, you need to add the line <CODE>XkbDisable</CODE> in keyboard section of <CODE>XF86Config</CODE> file. You may config the keyboard section like the following sample. <BLOCKQUOTE><CODE> <PRE> Section "Keyboard" Protocol "Standard" AutoRepeat 500 5 LeftAlt Meta RightAlt ModeShift ScrollLock ModeLock RightCtl Compose XkbDisable EndSection </PRE> </CODE></BLOCKQUOTE> <P> <P> <P> <P> <HR> <A HREF="Thai-HOWTO-3.html">Next</A> <A HREF="Thai-HOWTO-1.html">Previous</A> <A HREF="Thai-HOWTO.html#toc2">Contents</A> </BODY> </HTML>