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<H1> Text-Terminal-HOWTO</H1>

<H2>David S. Lawyer 
<A HREF="mailto:dave@lafn.org">mailto:dave@lafn.org</A></H2> v1.41 February 2008 
<HR>
<EM>This document explains what text terminals are, how they work, how to
install and configure them, and provides some info on how to repair
them.  If you don't have a terminal manual, it may be of help.  While
it was originally written for real terminals on a Linux system, much
of it is also applicable to terminal emulation and may be helpful for
non-Linux systems.  </EM>
<HR>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc1">1.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html">Introduction </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.1">1.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.1">Copyright, Trademarks, Disclaimer, &amp; Credits</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.2">1.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.2">Future Plans: You Can Help</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.3">1.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.3">New Versions of this HOWTO</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.4">1.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.4">Related HOWTOs, etc. </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.5">1.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.5">Terminology Used in this Document</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.6">1.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.6">What is a Terminal ?</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc1.7">1.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-1.html#ss1.7">What is a Text-Terminal ?</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc2">2.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-2.html">Types of Terminals</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc2.1">2.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-2.html#ss2.1">Dumb Terminals</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc2.2">2.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-2.html#ss2.2">Text Terminals</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc2.3">2.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-2.html#ss2.3">Graphic GUI Capabilities of Text Terminals </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc3">3.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-3.html">Thin Clients Terminals </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc3.1">3.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.1">Introduction </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc3.2">3.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.2">MS Window terminals</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc3.3">3.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-3.html#ss3.3">Emulation on a PC</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc4">4.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-4.html">Quick Install </A></H2>

<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc5">5.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html">Why Use a Terminal ?</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.1">5.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.1">Intro to Why Use a Terminal </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.2">5.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.2">Lower Hardware Costs ? </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.3">5.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.3">Control of Software </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.4">5.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.4">Hardware Upgrades </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.5">5.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.5">Other Advantages of Terminals </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.6">5.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.6">Major Disadvantages of Terminals </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc5.7">5.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-5.html#ss5.7">Are Text Terminals Obsolete ? </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc6">6.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html">Overview of How Terminals Work (in Linux) </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.1">6.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.1">Device Names  </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.2">6.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.2">Login/Logout </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.3">6.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.3">Half/Full Duplex </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.4">6.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.4">Terminal Memory </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.5">6.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.5">Commands for the Terminal </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.6">6.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.6">Lack of Standardization Solved by Terminfo </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.7">6.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.7">The Interface </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.8">6.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.8">Emulation</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc6.9">6.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-6.html#ss6.9">The Console</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc7">7.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html">Terminal Special Files such as /dev/tty </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc7.1">7.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html#ss7.1">Serial Port Terminals </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc7.2">7.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html#ss7.2">Pseudo Terminals</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc7.3">7.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html#ss7.3">The Controlling Terminal /dev/tty </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc7.4">7.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html#ss7.4">/dev/ttyIN "Terminals" </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc7.5">7.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html#ss7.5">The Console: ttyN or vc/N</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc7.6">7.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-7.html#ss7.6">Creating a Device with "mknod" </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc8">8.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-8.html">Some Details on How Terminals Work </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc8.1">8.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.1">Terminal Memory Details </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc8.2">8.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.2">Early Terminals  </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc8.3">8.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.3">Escape Sequences and Control Codes (intro) </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc8.4">8.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-8.html#ss8.4">Display Attributes &amp; Magic Cookies </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc9">9.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html">Special Features of Some Terminals</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.1">9.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.1">Color </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.2">9.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.2">Multiple Sessions </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.3">9.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.3">Printer/Auxiliary Port </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.4">9.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.4">Pages </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.5">9.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.5">Character-Sets </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.6">9.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.6">Fonts</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.7">9.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.7">Keyboards &amp; Special Keys</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc9.8">9.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-9.html#ss9.8">Mouse</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc10">10.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html">Terminal Emulation (including the Console) </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc10.1">10.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.1">Intro to Terminal Emulation</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc10.2">10.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.2">Don't Try to Use TERM Variable for Emulation</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc10.3">10.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.3">Serial Communication (Dialing) programs</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc10.4">10.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.4">Testing Terminal Emulation</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc10.5">10.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.5">The Linux Console </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc10.6">10.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-10.html#ss10.6">Emulation Software</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc11">11.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html">Flow Control (Handshaking) </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.1">11.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.1">Why Is Flow Control Needed ?</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.2">11.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.2">Padding </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.3">11.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.3">Overrunning a Serial Port</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.4">11.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.4">Stop Sending</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.5">11.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.5">Keyboard Lock </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.6">11.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.6">Resume Sending</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.7">11.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.7">Hardware Flow Control (RTS/CTS etc.) </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.8">11.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.8">Is Hardware Flow Control Done by Hardware ?</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc11.9">11.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-11.html#ss11.9">Obsolete ?? ETX/ACK or ENQ/ACK Flow Control</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc12">12.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html">Physical Connection </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.1">12.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.1">Introduction</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.2">12.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.2">Multiport I/O Cards (Adapters)</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.3">12.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.3">Direct Serial Cable Connection.</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.4">12.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.4">Modem Connection</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.5">12.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.5">Telnet and ssh</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.6">12.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.6">Terminal Server Connection</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.7">12.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.7">Connector and Adapter Types</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc12.8">12.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-12.html#ss12.8">Making or Modifying a Cable</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc13">13.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html">Set-Up (Configure) in General </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc13.1">13.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.1">Intro to Set-Up</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc13.2">13.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.2">Terminal Set-Up (Configure) Overview </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc13.3">13.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.3">Computer Set-Up (Configure) Overview</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc13.4">13.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.4">Many Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc13.5">13.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.5">Communication Interface Options </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc13.6">13.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-13.html#ss13.6">Quick Attempt</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc14">14.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html">Terminal Set-Up (Configure) Details </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.1">14.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.1">Send Escape Sequences to the Terminal</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.2">14.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.2">Older Terminals Set-Up</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.3">14.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.3">Getting Into Set-Up (Configuration) Mode </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.4">14.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.4">Communication Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.5">14.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.5">Saving the Set-up</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.6">14.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.6">Set-Up Options/Parameters </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.7">14.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.7">Emulation {Personality} {{Terminal Modes}}</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.8">14.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.8">Display Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.9">14.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.9">Page Related Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.10">14.10</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.10">Reporting and Answerback</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.11">14.11</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.11">Keyboard Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.12">14.12</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.12">Meaning of Received Control Codes</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.13">14.13</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.13">Where New Text Goes</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.14">14.14</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.14">Function Keys </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.15">14.15</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.15">Block Mode Options</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.16">14.16</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.16">Locks</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.17">14.17</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.17">Screen Saver {Scrn Saver}</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc14.18">14.18</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-14.html#ss14.18">Printer</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc15">15.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html">Computer Set-Up (Configure) Details </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.1">15.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.1">Getty (used in /etc/inittab)  </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.2">15.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.2">Stty &amp; Setserial </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.3">15.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.3">Setserial </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.4">15.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.4">Stty </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.5">15.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.5">Terminfo &amp; Termcap (brief) </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.6">15.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.6">Setting TERM and TERMINFO</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.7">15.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.7">Rarely Needed /etc/ttytype File</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.8">15.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.8">Login Restrictions </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.9">15.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.9">Run Command Only If TERM=my_term_type</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc15.10">15.10</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-15.html#ss15.10">Character Mapping: mapchan </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc16">16.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html">Terminfo and Termcap (detailed) </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.1">16.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.1">Intro to Terminfo</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.2">16.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.2">Terminfo Database </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.3">16.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.3">Bugs in Existing Terminfo Files (and Hardware)</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.4">16.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.4">Modifying Terminfo Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.5">16.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.5">Init String </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.6">16.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.6">TERM Variable </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc16.7">16.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-16.html#ss16.7">Terminfo/Termcap Documents </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc17">17.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html">Using the Terminal</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.1">17.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.1">Intro to Using the Terminal</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.2">17.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.2">Starting Up the Terminal</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.3">17.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.3">Terminal (Serial) Device Driver</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.4">17.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.4">Problems with Editors</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.5">17.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.5">Problem with Slow Scrolling </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.6">17.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.6">Bugs in Bash </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.7">17.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.7">Color ls Corruption</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.8">17.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.8">Display Freezes (hung terminal) </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.9">17.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.9">Corrupted Terminal Interface </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.10">17.10</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.10">Special (Control) Characters </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.11">17.11</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.11">Viewing Latin1 Files on a non-Latin1 terminal</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.12">17.12</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.12">Eliminating Overstriking in Files</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.13">17.13</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.13">Inspecting the Interface</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.14">17.14</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.14">Changing the Terminal Settings </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.15">17.15</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.15">Multiple Sessions</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.16">17.16</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.16">Logging Out</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.17">17.17</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.17">Chatting between Terminals, Spying</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.18">17.18</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.18">Sharing the Serial Port</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc17.19">17.19</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-17.html#ss17.19">Browsers for Text-Terminals</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc18">18.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-18.html">Special Uses for a Terminal</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc18.1">18.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.1">Make a Serial Terminal the Console </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc18.2">18.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.2">Run Linux without a Monitor</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc18.3">18.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-18.html#ss18.3">Use a Keyboardless Terminal as the Monitor </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc19">19.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html">Trouble-Shooting </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.1">19.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.1">Terminal Was Working OK </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.2">19.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.2">Terminal Newly Installed </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.3">19.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.3">Is the Terminal OK ? </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.4">19.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.4">Missing Text </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.5">19.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.5">All Keys Work Erratically; Must Hit a Key a Few Times</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.6">19.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.6">... respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.7">19.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.7">Fails Just After Login </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.8">19.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.8">Can't Login </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.9">19.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.9">Garbled Login Prompt  </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.10">19.10</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.10">No Login Prompt </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.11">19.11</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.11">Displays Foreign/Weird Characters/Symbols</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.12">19.12</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.12">Displays Escape Sequences </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.13">19.13</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.13">Slow: pauses of several seconds between bursts of characters</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.14">19.14</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.14">Cursor Jumps </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.15">19.15</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.15">Terminal doesn't scroll </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.16">19.16</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.16">Serial Monitoring/Diagnostics </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.17">19.17</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.17">Local Mode </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc19.18">19.18</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-19.html#ss19.18">Serial Electrical Test Equipment </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc20">20.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html">Repair &amp; Diagnose </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.1">20.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.1">Repair Books &amp; Websites </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.2">20.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.2">Safety</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.3">20.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.3">Appearance of Display</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.4">20.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.4">Diagnose</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.5">20.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.5">Detective work</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.6">20.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.6">Error Messages on the Screen</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.7">20.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.7">Capacitors</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc20.8">20.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-20.html#ss20.8">Keyboards </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc21">21.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-21.html">Appendix A: General</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc21.1">21.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.1">List of Linux Terminal Commands</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc21.2">21.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.2">The Internet and Books</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc21.3">21.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-21.html#ss21.3">Non-Linux OSs </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc22">22.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html">Appendix B: Escape Sequence Commands Terminology </A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc22.1">22.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.1">Esc Sequence Lists </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc22.2">22.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.2">8-bit Control Codes</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc22.3">22.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.3">Printer Esc </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc22.4">22.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.4">Reports</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc22.5">22.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.5">Cursor Movements</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc22.6">22.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-22.html#ss22.6">Pages (definition) </A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc23">23.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html">Appendix C: Serial Communications on EIA-232 (RS-232)</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.1">23.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.1">Intro to Serial Communication</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.2">23.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.2">Voltages</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.3">23.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.3">Parity Explained </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.4">23.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.4">Forming a Byte (Framing)</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.5">23.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.5">Limitations of EIA-232</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.6">23.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.6">Synchronization &amp; Synchronous </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.7">23.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.7">Block Mode </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.8">23.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.8">EIA-232 (RS-232) Books </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc23.9">23.9</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-23.html#ss23.9">Serial Software</A>
</UL>
<P>
<H2><A NAME="toc24">24.</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html">Appendix D: Notes by Brand/Model</A></H2>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.1">24.1</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.1">Adds</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.2">24.2</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.2">CIT</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.3">24.3</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.3">IBM Terminals </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.4">24.4</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.4">Teletypes </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.5">24.5</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.5">VT (originally DEC, now Boundless) </A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.6">24.6</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.6">Links</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.7">24.7</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.7">Qume</A>
<LI><A NAME="toc24.8">24.8</A> <A HREF="Text-Terminal-HOWTO-24.html#ss24.8">Wyse Terminals </A>
</UL>
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