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<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><title>iText Tutorial: Basic Text Objects</title><meta name="Description" content="Some basic text objects that are used in iText."><meta name="Keywords" content="PDF, JAVA, iText, examples, Chunk, Phrase, Paragraph, Lowagie, Bruno"><link rel="stylesheet" href="./../style.css" type="text/css"></head><body><a name="top" class="logo" href="http://www.lowagie.com/iText"><img src="http://www.lowagie.com/iText/images/logo.gif" border="0" alt="iText"></a><h1>Tutorial: iText by Example</h1><h2>Basic Text Objects</h2><div id="content"><div id="sidebar"><a class="toc" href="./../index.html#objects">
Table of Contents
</a><div align="Center" class="small">Best viewed with:<br><script type="text/javascript"><!--
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//--></script><script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"></script></div><div class="sidetitle">Sections:</div><ul><li><a href="#inaction">In the book</a></li><li><a href="#introduction">Introduction</a></li><li><a href="#chunk">The Chunk object</a></li><li><a href="#paragraph">The Paragraph object</a></li><li><a href="#phrase">The Phrase Object</a></li><li><a href="#list">The List object</a></li></ul><br><br><div class="sidetitle">Examples:</div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Chunks.java">Chunks</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates some Chunk functionality</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Chunks.pdf">Chunks.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/DifferentFonts.java">DifferentFonts</a><br><div class="description">A Paragraph can contain text in different fonts</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/differentfonts.pdf">differentfonts.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Paragraphs.java">Paragraphs</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates some Paragraph functionality</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Paragraphs.pdf">Paragraphs.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/SpaceWordRatio.java">SpaceWordRatio</a><br><div class="description">Space Word Ratio</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/spacewordratio.pdf">spacewordratio.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/ParagraphAttributes.java">ParagraphAttributes</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates some more Paragraph functionality</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/ParagraphAttributes.pdf">ParagraphAttributes.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Phrases.java">Phrases</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates the different constructors of class Phrase</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Phrases.pdf">Phrases.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/NegativeLeading.java">NegativeLeading</a><br><div class="description">Shows the effect of a negative leading</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/NegativeLeading.pdf">NegativeLeading.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/SymbolSubstitution.java">SymbolSubstitution</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates how special characters are substituted by Symbols with Phrase.getInstance</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/SymbolSubstitution.pdf">SymbolSubstitution.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/FontSelection.java">FontSelection</a><br><div class="description">Selects the appropriate fonts that contain the glyphs needed to render text correctly</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/fontselection.pdf">fontselection.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Lists.java">Lists</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates some List functionality</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/lists.pdf">lists.pdf</a></li><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/lists.html">lists.html</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><a class="source" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/FancyLists.java">FancyLists</a><br><div class="description">Demonstrates some List with Roman numerals, Greek letters, zapfdingbats,...</div><div class="small">Output:</div><ul><li><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/fancylists.pdf">fancylists.pdf</a></li></ul></div><div class="example"><div class="small">ANT script (all examples):</div><ul><li><a href="./../objects/build.xml">
build.xml
</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="main"><a name="inaction"></a><div class="title">In the book:</div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:site="http://www.lowagie.com/iText/site">
<p xmlns=""><a href="http://itext.ugent.be/itext-in-action/"><img src="http://itext.ugent.be/img/lowagie_3d.jpg" border="0" align="right"></a>
The examples in this free online tutorial will help you getting started
with iText. Note that most examples are two years old.
Some of the examples may be obsolete. Also the theory that
comes with the examples isn't always 100% accurate.
If you want more recent examples or if you want to know more
about the theoretical background of PDF and iText, please consult the book
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/itext-in-action/">
"iText in Action".
</a>
Note that the first and the third chapter of the book
can be downloaded for free from <a href="http://www.manning.com/affiliate/idevaffiliate.php?id=223_53">http://manning.com/lowagie/</a></p><p>
More specifically:
<ul><li><a class="subtitle" href="http://itext.ugent.be/itext-in-action/chapter.php?chapter=4">
Chapter 4:
</a>Composing text elements</li><li><a class="subtitle" href="http://itext.ugent.be/itext-in-action/chapter.php?chapter=5">
Chapter 5:
</a>Inserting images</li><li><a class="subtitle" href="http://itext.ugent.be/itext-in-action/chapter.php?chapter=6">
Chapter 6:
</a>Constructing tables</li><li><a class="subtitle" href="http://itext.ugent.be/itext-in-action/chapter.php?chapter=7">
Chapter 7:
</a>Constructing columns</li></ul></p>
</div><a class="top" href="#top">Go to top of the page</a><a name="introduction"></a><div class="title">Introduction:</div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
iText is a library that produces PDF, but you don't need to know anything about PDF syntax,
PDF objects, PDF operators or operands to use it (allthough it's possible to add <a xmlns="" href="./../directcontent/index.html#">direct content</a> if you want to).
iText comes with a large number of its own high level objects that can be used to add content to a PDF document.<br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
This is a short (and incomplete) list of iText high-level objects:
<ul>
<li><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/chunk/index.html#">Chunk</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/index.html#paragraph">Paragraph</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/font/index.html#">Font</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/anchor/index.html#">Anchors</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/bookmarks/index.html#">Bookmarks</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/index.html#list">List</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/images/index.html#">Images</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/tables/index.html#">Tables</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="./../objects/columns/index.html#">Columns</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">...</li>
</ul>
Remark: some objects such as HeaderFooter and Graphic are not in the list (and not documented) because they are no longer supported.
There are sufficient alternatives for those objects (see for instance
<a xmlns="" href="./../directcontent/pageevents/index.html#">page events</a> and
<a href="./../directcontent/graphics2D/index.html#">graphics2D</a>).
</div><a class="top" href="#top">Go to top of the page</a><a name="chunk"></a><div class="title">The Chunk object:</div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
A Chunk is the smallest significant part of text that can be added to a document.
It is the 'atom' building block of most of the other High Level Text objects.
All the contents of a Chunk are of the same font, fontsize, style, color, etc...
For the complete functionality on this object, please read the <a xmlns="" href="./../objects/chunk/index.html#">chapter on the Chunk object</a>.
Functionalities such as subscript, superscript, underline and background are demonstrated in the following example:
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Chunks.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.Chunks</a><br>Demonstrates some Chunk functionality: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Chunks.pdf">Chunks.pdf</a><br></div>
There is a complete chapter on the <a href="./../objects/chunk/index.html#">Chunk object</a> if you need to know more about Chunks.
Also related are the chapters on <a href="./../objects/anchors/index.html#">Anchors</a> and <a href="./../fonts/index.html#">Fonts</a>.
</div><a class="top" href="#top">Go to top of the page</a><a name="paragraph"></a><div class="title">The Paragraph object:</div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html">Paragraph</a> is the text object you are likely to use the most.
It is an ArrayList of one or more other high level elements, such as Chunk, Phrase, List, Image,...
Unlike a Chunk, a Paragraph can contain text in different fonts.
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/DifferentFonts.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.DifferentFonts</a><br>A Paragraph can contain text in different fonts: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/differentfonts.pdf">differentfonts.pdf</a><br></div>
The most important thing you need to know about paragraph, is that they have a <a href="./../objects/chunk/index.html#endline">leading</a>
and that every new Paragraph starts on a <a href="./../objects/chunk/index.html#endline">new line</a>.
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Paragraphs.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.Paragraphs</a><br>Demonstrates some Paragraph functionality: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Paragraphs.pdf">Paragraphs.pdf</a><br></div>
You can set the aligment of a Paragraph with the method
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html#setAlignment(int)">setAlignment(int alignment)</a>.
The alignment can be one of the following values:
<ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<li>Element.ALIGN_LEFT</li>
<li>Element.ALIGN_CENTER</li>
<li>Element.ALIGN_RIGHT</li>
<li>Element.ALIGN_JUSTIFIED</li>
</ul>
If you want the alignment to be justified, the space between the words can
be stretched, as well as the space between the characters of a word.
The default ratio of this word-char space is 2.5. You can change this
ratio with <a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/pdf/PdfWriter.html#setSpaceCharRatio(float)">setSpaceCharRatio</a>.
For instance, if you don't want the space between the characters of a word to be stretched, just do:
<pre xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="commandline">writer.setSpaceCharRatio(PdfWriter.NO_SPACE_CHAR_RATIO);</pre>
The effect can be seen in the next example (compare page 1 and page 2 of the resulting PDF).
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/SpaceWordRatio.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.SpaceWordRatio</a><br>Space Word Ratio: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/spacewordratio.pdf">spacewordratio.pdf</a><br></div>
The following methods need no further explanation, they are pretty straightforward:
<ul xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<li><a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html#setIndentationLeft(float)">setIndentationLeft(float indentation)</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html#setIndentationRight(float)">setIndentationRight(float indentation)</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html#setSpacingBefore(float)">setSpacingBefore(float spacing)</a></li>
<li xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html#setSpacingAfter(float)">setSpacingAfter(float spacing)</a></li>
</ul>
Remark: the method <a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html#setFirstLineIndent(float)">setFirstLineIndent(float firstLineIndent)</a>
only works for paragraphs inside a ColumnText or PdfPTable object.
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/ParagraphAttributes.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.ParagraphAttributes</a><br>Demonstrates some more Paragraph functionality: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/ParagraphAttributes.pdf">ParagraphAttributes.pdf</a><br></div>
</div><a class="top" href="#top">Go to top of the page</a><a name="phrase"></a><div class="title">The Phrase Object:</div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
This extra section deals with the somewhat quirky class <a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Phrase.html">Phrase</a>
for the sake of completeness. In most cases you will prefer to use the class <a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Paragraph.html">Paragraph</a>.
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Phrases.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.Phrases</a><br>Demonstrates the different constructors of class Phrase: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Phrases.pdf">Phrases.pdf</a><br></div>
The 'leading' parameter is very important for all other High Level Objects in iText, it's the space between two line and should therefore be a positive value.
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/NegativeLeading.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.NegativeLeading</a><br>Shows the effect of a negative leading: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/NegativeLeading.pdf">NegativeLeading.pdf</a><br></div>
You can use a <a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Phrase.html#constructor_summary">constructor</a> to create a Phrase-object,
but if you have special symbols in your text-string, you can use <a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/Phrase.html#getInstance(String)">Phrase.getInstance</a>
to have your special symbols substituted (this only works with the base 14 fonts, Symbol and ZapfDingBats not included).
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/SymbolSubstitution.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.SymbolSubstitution</a><br>Demonstrates how special characters are substituted by Symbols with Phrase.getInstance: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/SymbolSubstitution.pdf">SymbolSubstitution.pdf</a><br></div>
A more safe way to do font substitution, is be using class
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/pdf/FontSelector.html">FontSelector</a>:
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/FontSelection.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.FontSelection</a><br>Selects the appropriate fonts that contain the glyphs needed to render text correctly: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/fontselection.pdf">fontselection.pdf</a><br></div>
</div><a class="top" href="#top">Go to top of the page</a><a name="list"></a><div class="title">The List object:</div><div xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
The <a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html">List object</a> gives you functionality that is
very similar to the <UL> or <OL> tags in HTML. The iText equivalent of <LI> is
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/ListItem.html">ListItem</a>.<br xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
The type of List is chosen with the parameters <span class="commandline">numbered</span>
and <span class="commandline">lettered</span> in the <a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html#constructor_summary">constructor</a>.
You also have to specify a parameter <span xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="commandline">symbolIndent</span>. This is the space that will be reserved for the list symbol.
For unordered lists, you can choose any Chunk or String as list symbol with methods
<a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html#setListSymbol(com.lowagie.text.Chunk)">setListSymbol(Chunk symbol)</a> or
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html#setListSymbol(java.lang.String)">setListSymbol(String symbol)</a>.
A numbered list always starts with '1', unless you change the first number with
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html#setFirst(int)">setFirst(int first)</a>.
The default first character for lists that are ordered with letters is 'A' (uppercase),
you can change it to lower case with method
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html#setFirst(char)">setFirst(char first)</a> and pass 'a' as parameter.
<pre xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" class="commandline">List list = new List(true, 20);
list.add(new ListItem("First line"));</pre>
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a xmlns="" href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/Lists.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.Lists</a><br>Demonstrates some List functionality: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/lists.pdf">lists.pdf</a> <a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/lists.html">lists.html</a><br></div>
There are some extra classes derived from the <a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/List.html">List object</a>
that allow you to generate more fancy lists:
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/RomanList.html">RomanList</a>,
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/GreekList.html">GreekList</a>,
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/ZapfDingbatsList.html">ZapfDingbatsList</a> and
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/api/com/lowagie/text/ZapfDingbatsNumberList.html">ZapfDingbatsNumberList</a>.
Their usage is pretty straightforward:
<div id="example">
Example: java
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/FancyLists.java">
com.lowagie.examples.objects.FancyLists</a><br>Demonstrates some List with Roman numerals, Greek letters, zapfdingbats,...: see
<a href="http://itext.ugent.be/library/com/lowagie/examples/objects/fancylists.pdf">fancylists.pdf</a><br></div>
</div><a class="top" href="#top">Go to top of the page</a><div id="footer" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
Page Updated: 2006/09/17 10:13:48
Copyright © 1999-2005
Bruno Lowagie<br><a href="http://www.lowagie.com/iText/">iText</a> is a Free Java-Pdf library by Bruno Lowagie and Paulo Soares.
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