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<title>PSBASEMAP</title>
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<body bgcolor="#ffffff">
<h1 align=center>PSBASEMAP</h1>
<a href="#NAME">NAME</a><br>
<a href="#SYNOPSIS">SYNOPSIS</a><br>
<a href="#DESCRIPTION">DESCRIPTION</a><br>
<a href="#OPTIONS">OPTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#EXAMPLES">EXAMPLES</a><br>
<a href="#NON-GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTIONS">NON-GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTIONS">CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#CONIC MAP PROJECTIONS">CONIC MAP PROJECTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTIONS">AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#MISCELLANEOUS MAP PROJECTIONS">MISCELLANEOUS MAP PROJECTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#RESTRICTIONS">RESTRICTIONS</a><br>
<a href="#BUGS">BUGS</a><br>
<a href="#SEE ALSO">SEE ALSO</a><br>
<hr>
<a name="NAME"></a>
<h2>NAME</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">psbasemap
− To plot <i>PostScript</i> basemaps</p>
<a name="SYNOPSIS"></a>
<h2>SYNOPSIS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−B</b>[<b>p</b>|<b>s</b>]<i>parameters</i>
<b>−J</b><i>parameters</i>
<b>−R</b><i>west</i>/<i>east</i>/<i>south</i>/<i>north</i>[/<i>zmin</i>/<i>zmax</i>][<b>r</b>]
[
<b>−E</b><i>azim</i>/<i>elev</i>[<b>+w</b><i>lon</i>/<i>lat</i>[/<i>z</i>]][<b>+v</b><i>x0</i>/<i>y0</i>]
] [ <b>−G</b><i>fill</i> ] [
<b>−Jz</b>|<b>Z</b><i>parameters</i> ] [
<b>−K</b> ] [
<b>−L</b>[<b>f</b>][<b>x</b>]<i>lon0</i>/<i>lat0</i>[/<i>slon</i>]/<i>slat</i>/<i>length</i>[<b>m</b>|<b>n</b>|<b>k</b>][<b>+l</b><i>label</i>][<b>+j</b><i>just</i>][<b>+p</b><i>pen</i>][<b>+f</b><i>fill</i>][<b>+u</b>]
] ] [ <b>−O</b> ] [ <b>−P</b> ] [
<b>−U</b>[<i>just</i>/<i>dx</i>/<i>dy</i>/][<b>c</b>|<i>label</i>]
] [
<b>−T</b>[<b>f</b>|<b>m</b>][<b>x</b>]<i>lon0</i>/<i>lat0</i>/<i>size</i>[/<i>info</i>][<b>:</b>w,e,s,n<b>:</b>][<b>+</b><i>gint</i>[/<i>mint</i>]]
] [ <b>−V</b> ] [
<b>−X</b>[<b>a</b>|<b>c</b>|<b>r</b>][<i>x-shift</i>[<b>u</b>]]
] [
<b>−Y</b>[<b>a</b>|<b>c</b>|<b>r</b>][<i>y-shift</i>[<b>u</b>]]
] [ <b>−Z</b><i>zlevel</i> ] [
<b>−c</b><i>copies</i> ]</p>
<a name="DESCRIPTION"></a>
<h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap</b>
creates <i>PostScript</i> code that will produce a basemap.
Several map projections are available, and the user may
specify separate tickmark intervals for boundary annotation,
ticking, and [optionally] gridlines. A simple map scale or
directional rose may also be plotted.</p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−B</b></p> </td>
<td width="8%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Sets map boundary
annotation and tickmark intervals. The format of
<i>tickinfo</i> is
[<b>p</b>|<b>s</b>]<i>xinfo</i>[/<i>yinfo</i>[/<i>zinfo</i>]][<b>:.</b>"Title"<b>:</b>][<b>W</b>|<b>w</b>][<b>E</b>|<b>e</b>][<b>S</b>|<b>s</b>][<b>N</b>|<b>n</b>][<b>Z</b>|<b>z</b>[<b>+</b>]].
The leading <b>p</b> [Default] or <b>s</b> selects the
primary or secondary annotation information. Each of the
<i>?info</i> segments are textstrings of the form
<i>info</i>[<b>:</b>"Axis
label"<b>:</b>][<b>:=</b>"prefix"<b>:</b>][<b>:,</b>"unit
label"<b>:</b>]. The <i>info</i> string is made up of
one or more concatenated substrings of the form
[<b>which</b>]<i>stride</i>[+-<i>phase</i>][<b>u</b>]. The
optional <b>which</b> can be either <b>a</b> for annotation
tick spacing [Default], <b>f</b> for frame tick spacing, and
<b>g</b> for gridline spacing. If frame interval is not set,
it is assumed to be the same as annotation interval.
<i>stride</i> is the desired stride interval. The optional
<i>phase</i> shifts the annotation interval by that amount.
The optional <b>u</b> indicates the unit of the
<i>stride</i> and can be any of <b>Y</b> (year, plot with 4
digits), <b>y</b> (year, plot with 2 digits), <b>O</b>
(month, plot using <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_DATE_FORMAT">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>o</b>
(month, plot with 2 digits), <b>U</b> (ISO week, plot using
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_DATE_FORMAT">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>u</b> (ISO week, plot using 2
digits), <b>r</b> (Gregorian week, 7-day stride from start
of week <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_WEEK_START">TIME_WEEK_START</A></b>), <b>K</b> (ISO weekday, plot
name of day), <b>D</b> (date, plot using
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_DATE_FORMAT">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>d</b> (day, plot day of month
0-31 or year 1-366, via <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_DATE_FORMAT">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>R</b>
(day, same as <b>d</b>, aligned with
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_WEEK_START">TIME_WEEK_START</A></b>), <b>H</b> (hour, plot using
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>h</b> (hour, plot with 2
digits), <b>M</b> (minute, plot using
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>m</b> (minute, plot with 2
digits), <b>C</b> (second, plot using
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</A></b>), <b>c</b> (second, plot with 2
digits). Note for geographic axes <b>m</b> and <b>c</b>
instead mean arc minutes and arc seconds. All entities that
are language-specific are under control by
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_LANGUAGE">TIME_LANGUAGE</A></b>. To specify separate x and y ticks,
separate the substrings that apply to the x and y axes with
a slash [/] (If a 3-D basemap is selected with
<b>−E</b> and <b>−Jz</b>, a third substring
pertaining to the vertical axis may be appended.) For
linear/log/power projections (<b>−Jx</b>|<b>X</b>):
Labels for each axis can be added by surrounding them with
colons (<b>:</b>). If the first character in the label is a
period, then the label is used as plot title; if it is a
comma (<b>,</b>) then the label is appended to each
annotation; if it is an equal sign (<b>=</b>) the the prefix
is prepended to each annotation (start label/prefix with -
to avoid space between annotation and item); else it is the
axis label. If the label consists of more than one word,
enclose the entire label in double quotes (e.g.,
<b>:</b>"my label"<b>:</b>). If you need to use a
colon (:) as part of your label you must specify it using
its octal code (\072).</p></td>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:22%;">By default, all 4 boundaries
are plotted (referred to as <b>W, E, S, N</b>). To change
the default, append the code for only those axes you want
(e.g., <b>WS</b> for standard lower-left x- and y-axis
system). Upper case (e.g., <b>W</b>) means draw
axis/tickmarks AND annotate it, whereas lower case (e.g.,
<b>w</b>) will only draw axis/tickmarks. (If a 3-D basemap
is selected with <b>−E</b> and <b>−Jz</b>,
append <b>Z</b> or <b>z</b> to control the appearance of the
vertical axis. Append <b>+</b> to draw the outline of the
cube defined by <b>−R</b>. Note that for 3-D views the
title, if given, will be suppressed.) <br>
For non-geographical projections: Give negative scale (in
<b>−Jx</b>) or axis length (in <b>−JX</b>) to
change the direction of increasing coordinates (i.e., to
make the y-axis positive down). For log10 axes: Annotations
can be specified in one of three ways: (1) <i>stride</i> can
be 1, 2, 3, or -<i>n</i>. Annotations will then occur at 1,
1−2−5, or
1−2−3−4−...−9, respectively;
for -<i>n</i> we annotate every <i>n</i>’t magnitude.
This option can also be used for the frame and grid
intervals. (2) An <b>l</b> is appended to the
<i>tickinfo</i> string. Then, log10 of the tick value is
plotted at every integer log10 value. (3) A <b>p</b> is
appended to the <i>tickinfo</i> string. Then, annotations
appear as 10 raised to log10 of the tick value. For power
axes: Annotations can be specified in one of two ways: (1)
<i>stride</i> sets the regular annotation interval. (2) A
<b>p</b> is appended to the <i>tickinfo</i> string. Then,
the annotation interval is expected to be in transformed
units, but the annotation value will be plotted as
untransformed units. E.g., if <i>stride</i> = 1 and
<i>power</i> = 0.5 (i.e., sqrt), then equidistant
annotations labeled 1−4−9... will appear. <br>
These GMT parameters can affect the appearance of the map
boundary: <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_MIN_ANGLE">ANNOT_MIN_ANGLE</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_MIN_SPACING">ANNOT_MIN_SPACING</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_FONT_PRIMARY">ANNOT_FONT_PRIMARY</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_FONT_SECONDARY">ANNOT_FONT_SECONDARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY">ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_PRIMARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_SECONDARY">ANNOT_FONT_SIZE_SECONDARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_OFFSET_PRIMARY">ANNOT_OFFSET_PRIMARY</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ANNOT_OFFSET_SECONDARY">ANNOT_OFFSET_SECONDARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#BASEMAP_AXES">BASEMAP_AXES</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#BASEMAP_FRAME_RGB">BASEMAP_FRAME_RGB</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#BASEMAP_TYPE">BASEMAP_TYPE</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#DEGREE_FORMAT">DEGREE_FORMAT</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#FRAME_PEN">FRAME_PEN</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#FRAME_WIDTH">FRAME_WIDTH</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY">GRID_CROSS_SIZE_PRIMARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#GRID_PEN_PRIMARY">GRID_PEN_PRIMARY</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#GRID_CROSS_SIZE_SECONDARY">GRID_CROSS_SIZE_SECONDARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#GRID_PEN_SECONDARY">GRID_PEN_SECONDARY</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#HEADER_FONT">HEADER_FONT</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#HEADER_FONT_SIZE">HEADER_FONT_SIZE</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#LABEL_FONT">LABEL_FONT</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#LABEL_FONT_SIZE">LABEL_FONT_SIZE</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#LINE_STEP">LINE_STEP</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION">OBLIQUE_ANNOTATION</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT">PLOT_CLOCK_FORMAT</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#PLOT_DATE_FORMAT">PLOT_DATE_FORMAT</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY">TIME_FORMAT_PRIMARY</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_FORMAT_SECONDARY">TIME_FORMAT_SECONDARY</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_LANGUAGE">TIME_LANGUAGE</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_WEEK_START">TIME_WEEK_START</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TICK_LENGTH">TICK_LENGTH</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TICK_PEN">TICK_PEN</A></b>,
and <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#Y_AXIS_TYPE">Y_AXIS_TYPE</A></b>; see the <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></b> man page
for details.</p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−J</b></p> </td>
<td width="8%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Selects the map
projection. The following character determines the
projection. If the character is upper case then the
argument(s) supplied as scale(s) is interpreted to be the
map width (or axis lengths), else the scale argument(s) is
the map scale (see its definition for each projection). UNIT
is cm, inch, or m, depending on the <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#MEASURE_UNIT">MEASURE_UNIT</A></b>
setting in .gmtdefaults4, but this can be overridden on the
command line by appending <b>c</b>, <b>i</b>, or <b>m</b> to
the <i>scale</i> or <i>width</i> values. Append <b>h</b>,
<b>+</b>, or <b>-</b> to the given <i>width</i> if you
instead want to set map height, the maximum dimension, or
the minimum dimension, respectively [Default is <b>w</b> for
width].</p> </td>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:22%;">In case the central meridian is
an optional parameter and it is being omitted, then the
center of the longitude range given by the <b>−R</b>
option is used. The default standard parallel is the
equator. <br>
The ellipsoid used in the map projections is user-definable
by editing the .gmtdefaults4 file in your home directory. 73
commonly used ellipsoids and spheroids are currently
supported, and users may also specify their own custum
ellipsoid parameters [Default is WGS-84]. Several GMT
parameters can affect the projection: <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#ELLIPSOID">ELLIPSOID</A></b>,
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#INTERPOLANT">INTERPOLANT</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#MAP_SCALE_FACTOR">MAP_SCALE_FACTOR</A></b>, and
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#MEASURE_UNIT">MEASURE_UNIT</A></b>; see the <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></b> man page for
details. <br>
Choose one of the following projections (The <b>E</b> or
<b>C</b> after projection names stands for Equal-Area and
Conformal, respectively):</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%; margin-top: 1em"><b>CYLINDRICAL
PROJECTIONS: <br>
−Jc</b><i>lon0/lat0/scale</i> or
<b>−JC</b><i>lon0/lat0/width</i> (Cassini).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give projection center
<i>lon0/lat0</i> and <i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jcyl_stere</b>/[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>scale</i>
or <b><br>
−JCyl_stere</b>/[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>width</i>
(Cylindrical Stereographic).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional), standard parallel <i>lat0</i>
(optional), and <i>scale</i> along parallel
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree). The standard parallel
is typically one of these (but can be any value):</p>
<p style="margin-left:43%;">66.159467 - Miller’s
modified Gall <br>
55 - Kamenetskiy’s First <br>
45 - Gall’s Stereographic <br>
30 - Bolshoi Sovietskii Atlas Mira or Kamenetskiy’s
Second <br>
0 - Braun’s Cylindrical</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jj</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JJ</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Miller
Cylindrical <br>
Projection).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i>
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jm</b>[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>scale</i>
or
<b>−JM</b>[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>width</i></p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional), standard parallel <i>lat0</i>
(optional), and <i>scale</i> along parallel
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jo</b><i>parameters</i>
(Oblique Mercator <b>[C]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Specify one of: <b><br>
−Jo</b>[<b>a</b>]<i>lon0/lat0/azimuth/scale</i> or
<b><br>
−JO</b>[<b>a</b>]<i>lon0/lat0/azimuth/width</i></p>
<p style="margin-left:43%;">Set projection center
<i>lon0/lat0</i>, <i>azimuth</i> of oblique equator, and
<i>scale</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><b>−Jo</b>[<b>b</b>]<i>lon0/lat0/lon1/lat1/scale</i>
or <b><br>
−JO</b>[<b>b</b>]<i>lon0/lat0/lon1/lat1/scale</i></p>
<p style="margin-left:43%;">Set projection center
<i>lon0/lat0</i>, another point on the oblique equator
<i>lon1/lat1</i>, and <i>scale</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><b>−Joc</b><i>lon0/lat0/lonp/latp/scale</i>
or <b><br>
−JOc</b><i>lon0/lat0/lonp/latp/scale</i></p>
<p style="margin-left:43%;">Set projection center
<i>lon0/lat0</i>, pole of oblique projection
<i>lonp/latp</i>, and <i>scale</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%; margin-top: 1em">Give
<i>scale</i> along oblique equator (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jq</b>[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JQ</b>[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>width</i>
(Cylindrical <br>
Equidistant).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional), standard parallel <i>lat0</i>
(optional), and <i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
UNIT/degree). The standard parallel is typically one of
these (but can be any value):</p>
<p style="margin-left:43%;">61.7 - Grafarend and Niermann,
minimum linear distortion <br>
50.5 - Ronald Miller Equirectangular <br>
43.5 - Ronald Miller, minimum continental distortion <br>
42 - Grafarend and Niermann <br>
37.5 - Ronald Miller, minimum overall distortion <br>
0 - Plate Carree, Simple Cylindrical, Plain/Plane Chart</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jt</b><i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or
<b>−JT</b><i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]<i>width</i></p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i>, central parallel <i>lat0</i> (optional), and
<i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Ju</b><i>zone/scale</i>
or <b>−JU</b><i>zone/width</i> (UTM - Universal
Transverse <br>
Mercator <b>[C]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the UTM zone
(A,B,1-60[C-X],Y,Z)) and <i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i>
or UNIT/degree). <br>
Zones: If C-X not given, prepend - or + to enforce southern
or northern hemisphere conventions [northern if south >
0].</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jy</b>[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JY</b>[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>width</i>
(Cylindrical <br>
Equal-Area <b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional), standard parallel <i>lat0</i>
(optional), and <i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
UNIT/degree). The standard parallel is typically one of
these (but can be any value):</p>
<p style="margin-left:43%;">50 - Balthasart <br>
45 - Gall-Peters <br>
37.0666 - Caster <br>
37.4 - Trystan Edwards <br>
37.5 - Hobo-Dyer <br>
30 - Behrman <br>
0 - Lambert (default)</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%; margin-top: 1em"><b>CONIC
PROJECTIONS: <br>
−Jb</b><i>lon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/scale</i> or
<b>−JB</b><i>lon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/width</i> <br>
(Albers <b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give projection center
<i>lon0/lat0</i>, two standard parallels <i>lat1/lat2</i>,
and <i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jd</b><i>lon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/scale</i>
or <b>−JD</b><i>lon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/width</i> <br>
(Conic Equidistant)</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give projection center
<i>lon0/lat0</i>, two standard parallels <i>lat1/lat2</i>,
and <i>scale</i> (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jl</b><i>lon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/scale</i>
or <b>−JL</b><i>lon0/lat0/lat1/lat2/width</i> <br>
(Lambert <b>[C]</b>)</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give origin <i>lon0/lat0</i>,
two standard parallels <i>lat1/lat2</i>, and <i>scale</i>
along these (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jpoly</b>/[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>scale</i>
or
<b>−JPoly</b>/[<i>lon0/</i>[<i>lat0/</i>]]<i>width</i>
<br>
((American) Polyconic).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional), reference parallel <i>lat0</i>
(optional, default = equator), and <i>scale</i> along
central meridian (<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%; margin-top: 1em"><b>AZIMUTHAL
PROJECTIONS:</b></p>
<p style="margin-left:22%; margin-top: 1em">Except for
polar aspects, <b>−R</b>w/e/s/n will be reset to
<b>−Rg</b>. Use <b>−R</b><...><b>r</b> for
smaller regions. <b><br>
−Ja</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/scale</i>
or
<b>−JA</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/width</i>
<br>
(Lambert <b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><i>lon0/lat0</i> specifies the
projection center. <i>horizon</i> specifies the max distance
from projection center (in degrees, <= 180, default 90).
Give <i>scale</i> as <b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
<i>radius/lat</i>, where <i>radius</i> is distance in UNIT
from origin to the oblique latitude <i>lat</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Je</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/scale</i>
or
<b>−JE</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/width</i>
<br>
(Azimuthal Equidistant).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><i>lon0/lat0</i> specifies the
projection center. <i>horizon</i> specifies the max distance
from projection center (in degrees, <= 180, default 180).
Give <i>scale</i> as <b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
<i>radius/lat</i>, where <i>radius</i> is distance in UNIT
from origin to the oblique latitude <i>lat</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jf</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/scale</i>
or
<b>−JF</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/width</i>
<br>
(Gnomonic).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><i>lon0/lat0</i> specifies the
projection center. <i>horizon</i> specifies the max distance
from projection center (in degrees, < 90, default 60).
Give <i>scale</i> as <b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
<i>radius/lat</i>, where <i>radius</i> is distance in UNIT
from origin to the oblique latitude <i>lat</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jg</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/scale</i>
or
<b>−JG</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/width</i>
<br>
(Orthographic).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><i>lon0/lat0</i> specifies the
projection center. <i>horizon</i> specifies the max distance
from projection center (in degrees, <= 90, default 90).
Give <i>scale</i> as <b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or
<i>radius/lat</i>, where <i>radius</i> is distance in UNIT
from origin to the oblique latitude <i>lat</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jg</b><i>lon0/lat0/altitude/azimuth/tilt/twist/Width/Height/scale</i>
or <b><br>
−JG</b><i>lon0/lat0/altitude/azimuth/tilt/twist/Width/Height/width</i>
<br>
(General Perspective).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><i>lon0/lat0</i> specifies the
projection center. <i>altitude</i> is the height (in km) of
the viewpoint above local sea level. If <i>altitude</i> is
less than 10, then it is the distance from the center of the
earth to the viewpoint in earth radii. If <i>altitude</i>
has a suffix <b>r</b> then it is the radius from the center
of the earth in kilometers. <i>azimuth</i> is measured to
the east of north of view. <i>tilt</i> is the upward tilt of
the plane of projection. If <i>tilt</i> is negative, then
the viewpoint is centered on the horizon. Further, specify
the clockwise <i>twist</i>, <i>Width</i>, and <i>Height</i>
of the viewpoint in degrees. Give <i>scale</i> as
<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or <i>radius/lat</i>, where
<i>radius</i> is distance in UNIT from origin to the oblique
latitude <i>lat</i>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Js</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/scale</i>
or
<b>−JS</b><i>lon0/lat0</i>[<i>/horizon</i>]<i>/width</i>
<br>
(General Stereographic <b>[C]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;"><i>lon0/lat0</i> specifies the
projection center. <i>horizon</i> specifies the max distance
from projection center (in degrees, < 180, default 90).
Give <i>scale</i> as <b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> (true at pole) or
<i>lat0</i>/<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> (true at standard parallel
<i>lat0</i>) or <i>radius/lat</i> (<i>radius</i> in UNIT
from origin to the oblique latitude <i>lat</i>). Note if
<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> is used then to specify <i>horizon</i>
you must also specify the <i>lat0</i> as +-90 to avoid
ambiguity.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%; margin-top: 1em"><b>MISCELLANEOUS
PROJECTIONS: <br>
−Jh</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i> or
<b>−JH</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Hammer
<b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Ji</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JI</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Sinusoidal
<b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jkf</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JKf</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Eckert IV)
<b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jk</b>[<b>s</b>][<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JK</b>[<b>s</b>][<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i>
(Eckert VI) <b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jn</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JN</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i>
(Robinson).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jr</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
<b>−JR</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Winkel
Tripel).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jv</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JV</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Van der
Grinten).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jw</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>scale</i>
or <b>−JW</b>[<i>lon0/</i>]<i>width</i> (Mollweide
<b>[E]</b>).</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give the central meridian
<i>lon0</i> (optional) and <i>scale</i> along equator
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/degree).</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%; margin-top: 1em"><b>NON-GEOGRAPHICAL
PROJECTIONS: <br>
−Jp</b>[<b>a</b>]<i>scale</i>[<i>/origin</i>][<b>r</b>|<b>z</b>]
or
<b>−JP</b>[<b>a</b>]<i>width</i>[<i>/origin</i>][<b>r</b>|<b>z</b>]
(Polar <br>
coordinates (theta,r))</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Optionally insert <b>a</b>
after <b>−Jp</b> [ or <b>−JP</b>] for azimuths
CW from North instead of directions CCW from East [Default].
Optionally append /<i>origin</i> in degrees to indicate an
angular offset [0]). Finally, append <b>r</b> if r is
elevations in degrees (requires s >= 0 and n <= 90) or
<b>z</b> if you want to annotate depth rather than radius
[Default]. Give <i>scale</i> in UNIT/r-unit.</p>
<p style="margin-left:22%;"><b>−Jx</b><i>x-scale</i>[<i>/y-scale</i>]
or <b>−JX</b><i>width</i>[<i>/height</i>] (Linear,
log, and <br>
power scaling)</p>
<p style="margin-left:32%;">Give <i>x-scale</i>
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/x-unit) and/or <i>y-scale</i>
(<b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> or UNIT/y-unit); or specify
<i>width</i> and/or <i>height</i> in UNIT.
<i>y-scale</i>=<i>x-scale</i> if not specified separately
and using <b>1:</b><i>xxxx</i> implies that x-unit and
y-unit are in meters. Use negative scale(s) to reverse the
direction of an axis (e.g., to have y be positive down). Set
<i>height</i> or <i>width</i> to 0 to have it recomputed
based on the implied scale of the other axis. Optionally,
append to <i>x-scale</i>, <i>y-scale</i>, <i>width</i> or
<i>height</i> one of the following:</p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="32%"></td>
<td width="10%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>d</b></p></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="57%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Data are
geographical coordinates (in degrees).</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="32%"></td>
<td width="10%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>l</b></p></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="57%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Take log10 of
values before scaling.</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="32%"></td>
<td width="10%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>p</b><i>power</i></p> </td>
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="57%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Raise values to
<i>power</i> before scaling.</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="32%"></td>
<td width="10%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>t</b></p></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="57%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Input coordinates
are time relative to <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_EPOCH">TIME_EPOCH</A></b>.</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="32%"></td>
<td width="10%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>T</b></p></td>
<td width="1%"></td>
<td width="57%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Input coordinates
are absolute time.</p></td>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:32%; margin-top: 1em">Default axis
lengths (see <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></b>) can be invoked using
<b>−JXh</b> (for landscape); <b>−JXv</b> (for
portrait) will swap the x- and y-axis lengths. The default
unit for this installation is either cm or inch, as defined
in the file share/gmt.conf. However, you may change this by
editing your .gmtdefaults4 file(s).</p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="3%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−R</b></p> </td>
<td width="8%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><i>xmin</i>,
<i>xmax</i>, <i>ymin</i>, and <i>ymax</i> specify the Region
of interest. For geographic regions, these limits correspond
to <i>west, east, south,</i> and <i>north</i> and you may
specify them in decimal degrees or in
[+-]dd:mm[:ss.xxx][W|E|S|N] format. Append <b>r</b> if lower
left and upper right map coordinates are given instead of
w/e/s/n. The two shorthands <b>−Rg</b> and
<b>−Rd</b> stand for global domain (0/360 and
-180/+180 in longitude respectively, with -90/+90 in
latitude). Alternatively, specify the name of an existing
grid file and the <b>−R</b> settings (and grid
spacing, if applicable) are copied from the grid. For
calendar time coordinates you may either give (a) relative
time (relative to the selected <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_EPOCH">TIME_EPOCH</A></b> and in the
selected <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TIME_UNIT">TIME_UNIT</A></b>; append <b>t</b> to
<b>−JX</b>|<b>x</b>), or (b) absolute time of the form
[<i>date</i>]<b>T</b>[<i>clock</i>] (append <b>T</b> to
<b>−JX</b>|<b>x</b>). At least one of <i>date</i> and
<i>clock</i> must be present; the <b>T</b> is always
required. The <i>date</i> string must be of the form
[-]yyyy[-mm[-dd]] (Gregorian calendar) or yyyy[-Www[-d]]
(ISO week calendar), while the <i>clock</i> string must be
of the form hh:mm:ss[.xxx]. The use of delimiters and their
type and positions must be exactly as indicated (however,
input, output and plot formats are customizable; see
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></b>).</p> </td>
</table>
<a name="OPTIONS"></a>
<h2>OPTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">No space
between the option flag and the associated arguments.</p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−E</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Sets the
viewpoint’s azimuth and elevation (for perspective
view) [180/90]. For frames used for animation, you may want
to append <b>+</b> to fix the center of your data domain (or
specify a particular world coordinate point with
<b>+w</b><i>lon0</i>/<i>lat</i>[/<i>z</i>]) which will
project to the center of your page size (or specify the
coordinates of the projected veiw point with
<b>+v</b><i>x0</i>/<i>y0).</i></p> </td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−G</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Select fill shade,
color or pattern for the inside of the basemap [Default is
no fill color]. (See SPECIFYING FILL below).</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−Jz</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Sets the vertical
scaling (for 3-D maps). Same syntax as <b>−Jx</b>.</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−K</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">More
<i>PostScript</i> code will be appended later [Default
terminates the plot system].</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−L</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Draws a simple map
scale centered on <i>lon0/lat0</i>. Use <b>−Lx</b> to
specify x/y position instead. Scale is calculated at
latitude <i>slat</i> (optionally supply longitude
<i>slon</i> for oblique projections [Default is central
meridian]), <i>length</i> is in km [miles if <b>m</b> is
appended; nautical miles if <b>n</b> is appended]. Use
<b>−Lf</b> to get a "fancy" scale [Default
is plain]. Append <b>+l</b> to select the default label
which equals the distance unit (km, miles, nautical miles)
and is justified on top of the scale [t]. Change this by
giving your own label (append <b>+l</b><i>label</i>). Change
label justification with <b>+j</b><i>justification</i>
(choose among l(eft), r(ight), t(op), and b(ottom)). Apply
<b>+u</b> to append the unit to all distance annotations
along the scale. If you want to place a rectangle behind the
scale, specify suitable <b>+p</b><i>pen</i> and/or
<b>+f</b><i>fill</i> parameters. (See SPECIFYING PENS and
SPECIFYING FILL below).</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−O</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Selects Overlay
plot mode [Default initializes a new plot system].</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−P</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Selects Portrait
plotting mode [Default is Landscape, see <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></b>
to change this].</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−T</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Draws a simple map
directional rose centered on <i>lon0/lat0</i>. Use
<b>−Tx</b> to specify x/y position instead. The
<i>size</i> is the diameter of the rose, and optional label
information can be specified to override the default values
of W, E, S, and N (Give <b>::</b> to suppress all labels).
The default [plain] map rose only labels north. Use
<b>−Tf</b> to get a "fancy" rose, and
specify what <i>kind</i> of rose you want drawn. The default
[1] draws the two principal E-W, N-S orientations, 2 adds
the two intermediate NW-SE and NE-SW orientations, while 3
adds the eight minor orientations WNW-ESE, NNW-SSE, NNE-SSW,
and ENE-WSW. For a magnetic compass rose, specify
<b>−Tm</b>. If given, <i>info</i> must be the two
parameters <i>dec/dlabel</i>, where <i>dec</i> is the
magnetic declination and <i>dlabel</i> is a label for the
magnetic compass needle (specify <b>-</b> to format a label
from <i>dec</i>). Then, both directions to geographic and
magnetic north are plotted [Default is geographic only]. If
the north label is <b>*</b> then a north star is plotted
instead of the north label. Annotation and two levels of
tick intervals for geographic and magnetic directions are
10/5/1 and 30/5/1 degrees, respectively; override these
settings by appending <b>+</b><i>gints</i>[/<i>mints</i>].
Color and pen attributes are taken from
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#COLOR_BACKGROUND">COLOR_BACKGROUND</A></b> and <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#TICK_PEN">TICK_PEN</A></b>, respectively,
while label fonts and sizes follow the usual annotation,
label, and header font settings.</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−U</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Draw Unix System
time stamp on plot. By adding <i>just/dx/dy/</i>, the user
may specify the justification of the stamp and where the
stamp should fall on the page relative to lower left corner
of the plot. For example, BL/0/0 will align the lower left
corner of the time stamp with the lower left corner of the
plot. Optionally, append a <i>label</i>, or <b>c</b> (which
will plot the command string.). The <b><A HREF="GMT.html">GMT</A></b> parameters
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#UNIX_TIME">UNIX_TIME</A></b>, <b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#UNIX_TIME_POS">UNIX_TIME_POS</A></b>, and
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html#UNIX_TIME_FORMAT">UNIX_TIME_FORMAT</A></b> can affect the appearance; see the
<b><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></b> man page for details. The time string
will be in the locale set by the environment variable
<b>TZ</b> (generally local time).</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−V</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Selects verbose
mode, which will send progress reports to stderr [Default
runs "silently"].</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−X
−Y</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Shift plot origin
relative to the current origin by (<i>x-shift,y-shift</i>)
and optionally append the length unit (<b>c</b>, <b>i</b>,
<b>m</b>, <b>p</b>). You can prepend <b>a</b> to shift the
origin back to the original position after plotting, or
prepend <b>r</b> [Default] to reset the current origin to
the new location. If <b>−O</b> is used then the
default (<i>x-shift,y-shift</i>) is (0,0), otherwise it is
(r1i, r1i) or (r2.5c, r2.5c). Alternatively, give <b>c</b>
to align the center coordinate (x or y) of the plot with the
center of the page based on current page size.</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−Z</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">For 3-D
projections: Sets the z-level of the basemap [Default is at
the bottom end of the z-axis].</p></td>
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top"><b>−c</b></p> </td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p style="margin-top: 1em" valign="top">Specifies the
number of plot copies. [Default is 1].</p></td>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>SPECIFYING
PENS</b></p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="4%">
<p valign="top"><i>pen</i></p></td>
<td width="7%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p valign="top">The attributes of lines and symbol outlines
as defined by <i>pen</i> is a comma delimetered list of
<i>width</i>, <i>color</i> and <i>texture</i>, each of which
is optional. <i>width</i> can be indicated as a measure
(points, centimeters, inches) or as <b>faint</b>,
<b>thin</b>[<b>ner</b>|<b>nest</b>],
<b>thick</b>[<b>er</b>|<b>est</b>],
<b>fat</b>[<b>ter</b>|<b>test</b>], or <b>obese</b>.
<i>color</i> specifies a gray shade or color (see SPECIFYING
COLOR below). <i>texture</i> is a combination of dashes
‘-’ and dots ‘.’.</p></td>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>SPECIFYING
FILL</b></p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="6%">
<p valign="top"><i>fill</i></p></td>
<td width="5%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p valign="top">The attribute <i>fill</i> specifies the
solid shade or solid <i>color</i> (see SPECIFYING COLOR
below) or the pattern used for filling polygons. Patterns
are specified as <b>p</b><i>dpi/pattern</i>, where
<i>pattern</i> gives the number of the built-in pattern
(1-90) <i>or</i> the name of a Sun 1-, 8-, or 24-bit raster
file. The <i>dpi</i> sets the resolution of the image. For
1-bit rasters: use <b>P</b><i>dpi/pattern</i> for inverse
video, or append
<b>:F</b><i>color</i>[<b>B</b>[<i>color</i>]] to specify
fore- and background colors (use <i>color</i> = - for
transparency). See <b><A HREF="GMT.html">GMT</A></b> Cookbook & Technical
Reference Appendix E for information on individual
patterns.</p> </td>
</table>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>SPECIFYING
COLOR</b></p>
<table width="100%" border=0 rules="none" frame="void"
cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0">
<tr valign="top" align="left">
<td width="11%"></td>
<td width="7%">
<p valign="top"><i>color</i></p></td>
<td width="4%"></td>
<td width="78%">
<p valign="top">The <i>color</i> of lines, areas and
patterns can be specified by a valid color name; by a gray
shade (in the range 0−255); by a decimal color code
(r/g/b, each in range 0−255; h-s-v, ranges
0−360, 0−1, 0−1; or c/m/y/k, each in range
0−1); or by a hexadecimal color code (#rrggbb, as used
in HTML). See the <b><A HREF="gmtcolors.html">gmtcolors</A></b> manpage for more
information and a full list of color names.</p></td>
</table>
<a name="EXAMPLES"></a>
<h2>EXAMPLES</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">The following
section illustrates the use of the options by giving some
examples for the available map projections. Note how scales
may be given in several different ways depending on the
projection. Also note the use of upper case letters to
specify map width instead of map scale.</p>
<a name="NON-GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTIONS"></a>
<h2>NON-GEOGRAPHICAL PROJECTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Linear x-y
plot</b> <br>
To make a linear x/y frame with all axes, but with only left
and bottom axes annotated, using xscale = yscale = 1.0,
ticking every 1 unit and annotating every 2, and using
xlabel = "Distance" and ylabel = "No of
samples", use</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/9/0/5 <b>−Jx</b>1
<b>−Bf</b>1<b>a</b>2<b>:</b>Distance<b>:</b>/<b>:</b>"No
of samples"<b>:WeSn</b> > linear.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Log-log
plot</b> <br>
To make a log-log frame with only the left and bottom axes,
where the x-axis is 25 cm and annotated every 1-2-5 and the
y-axis is 15 cm and annotated every power of 10 but has
tickmarks every 0.1, run</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>1/10000/1e20/1e25
<b>−JX</b>25<b>cl</b>/15<b>cl
−B</b>2<b>:</b>Wavelength<b>:</b>/<b>a</b>1<b>pf</b>3<b>:</b>Power<b>:WS</b>
> loglog.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Power
axes</b> <br>
To design an axis system to be used for a
depth−sqrt(age) plot with depth positive down, ticked
and annotated every 500m, and ages annotated at 1 my, 4 my,
9 my etc, use</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/100/0/5000 <b>−Jx</b>1<b>p</b>0.5/-0.001
<b>−B</b>1<b>p:</b>"Crustal
age"<b>:</b>/500<b>:</b>Depth<b>:</b> > power.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Polar
(theta,r) plot</b> <br>
For a base map for use with polar coordinates, where the
radius from 0 to 1000 should correspond to 3 inch and with
gridlines and ticks every 30 degrees and 100 units, use</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/360/0/1000 <b>−JP</b>6<b>i
−B</b>30<b>p</b>/100 > polar.ps</p>
<a name="CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTIONS"></a>
<h2>CYLINDRICAL MAP PROJECTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Cassini</b>
<br>
A 10-cm-wide basemap using the Cassini projection may be
obtained by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>20/50/20/35 <b>−JC</b>35/28/10<b>c
−P</b> OPR(B)5<b>g</b>5<b>:.</b>Cassini<b>:</b> >
cassini.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Mercator
[conformal]</b> <br>
A Mercator map with scale 0.025 inch/degree along equator,
and showing the length of 5000 km along the equator
(centered on 1/1 inch), may be plotted as</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>90/180/-50/50 <b>−Jm</b>0.025<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30<b>:.</b>Mercator<b>:
−Lx</b>1<b>i</b>/1<b>i</b>/0/5000 > mercator.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Miller</b>
<br>
A global Miller cylindrical map with scale 1:200,000,000 may
be plotted as</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −Jj</b>180/1:200000000
<b>−B</b>30<b>g</b>30<b>:.</b>Miller<b>:</b> >
miller.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Oblique
Mercator [conformal]</b> <br>
To create a page-size global oblique Mercator basemap for a
pole at (90,30) with gridlines every 30 degrees, run</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/360/-70/70
<b>−Joc</b>0/0/90/30/0.064<b>c</b>d
<b>−B</b>30<b>g</b>30<b>:.</b>"Oblique
Mercator"<b>:</b> > oblmerc.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Transverse
Mercator [conformal]</b> <br>
A regular Transverse Mercator basemap for some region may
look like</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>69:30/71:45/-17/-15:15
<b>−Jt</b>70/1:1000000
<b>−B</b>15<b>m:.</b>"Survey area"<b>:
−P</b> > transmerc.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Equidistant
Cylindrical Projection</b> <br>
This projection only needs the central meridian and scale. A
25 cm wide global basemap centered on the 130E meridian is
made by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>-50/310/-90/90 <b>−JQ</b>130/25<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30<b>:.</b>"Equidistant
Cylindrical"<b>:</b> > cyl_eqdist.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Universal
Transverse Mercator [conformal]</b> <br>
To use this projection you must know the UTM zone number,
which defines the central meridian. A UTM basemap for
Indo-China can be plotted as</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>95/5/108/20<b>r −Ju</b>46/1:10000000
<b>−B</b>3<b>g</b>3<b>:.</b>UTM<b>:</b> >
utm.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Cylindrical
Equal-Area</b> <br>
First select which of the cylindrical equal-area projections
you want by deciding on the standard parallel. Here we will
use 45 degrees which gives the Gall-Peters projection. A 9
inch wide global basemap centered on the Pacific is made
by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JY</b>180/45/9<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30<b>:.</b>Gall-Peters<b>:</b> >
gall-peters.ps</p>
<a name="CONIC MAP PROJECTIONS"></a>
<h2>CONIC MAP PROJECTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Albers
[equal-area]</b> <br>
A basemap for middle Europe may be created by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/90/25/55 <b>−Jb</b>45/20/32/45/0.25<b>c
−B</b>10<b>g</b>10<b>:.</b>"Albers
Equal-area"<b>:</b> > albers.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Lambert
[conformal]</b> <br>
Another basemap for middle Europe may be created by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/90/25/55 <b>−Jl</b>45/20/32/45/0.1<b>i
−B</b>10<b>g</b>10<b>:.</b>"Lambert Conformal
Conic"<b>:</b> > lambertc.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Equidistant</b>
<br>
Yet another basemap of width 6 inch for middle Europe may be
created by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>0/90/25/55 <b>−JD</b>45/20/32/45/6<b>i
−B</b>10<b>g</b>10<b>:.</b>"Equidistant
conic"<b>:</b> > econic.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Polyconic</b>
<br>
A basemap for north America may be created by</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>-180/-20/0/90 <b>−JPoly</b>/4<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>10/10<b>g</b>10<b>:.</b>"Polyconic"<b>:</b>
> polyconic.ps</p>
<a name="AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTIONS"></a>
<h2>AZIMUTHAL MAP PROJECTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Lambert
[equal-area]</b> <br>
A 15-cm-wide global view of the world from the vantage point
-80/-30 will give the following basemap:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JA</b>-80/-30/15<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>"Lambert
Azimuthal"<b>:</b> > lamberta.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">Follow the
instructions for stereographic projection if you want to
impose rectangular boundaries on the azimuthal equal-area
map but substitute <b>−Ja</b> for
<b>−Js</b>.</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Equidistant</b>
<br>
A 15-cm-wide global map in which distances from the center
(here 125/10) to any point is true can be obtained by:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JE</b>125/10/15<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Equidistant<b>:</b>
> equi.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Gnomonic</b>
<br>
A view of the world from the vantage point -100/40 out to a
horizon of 60 degrees from the center can be made using the
Gnomonic projection:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JF</b>-100/40/60/6<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Gnomonic<b>:</b>
> gnomonic.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Orthographic</b>
<br>
A global perspective (from infinite distance) view of the
world from the vantage point 125/10 will give the following
6-inch-wide basemap:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JG</b>125/10/6<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Orthographic<b>:</b>
> ortho.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>General
Perspective</b> <br>
The <b>−JG</b> option can be used in a more
generalized form, specifying altitude above the surface,
width and height of the view point, and twist and tilt. A
view from 160 km above -74/41.5 with a tilt of 55 and
azimuth of 210 degrees, and limiting the viewpoint to 30
degrees width and height will product a 6-inch-wide
basemap:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JG</b>-74/41.5/160/210/55/30/30/6<b>i
−B</b>5<b>g</b>1/5<b>g</b>1<b>:.</b>"General
Perspective"<b>:</b> > genper.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Stereographic
[conformal]</b> <br>
To make a polar stereographic projection basemap with radius
= 12 cm to −60 degree latitude, with plot title
"Salinity measurements", using 5 degrees
annotation/tick interval and 1 degree gridlines, run</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>-45/45/-90/-60
<b>−Js</b>0/-90/12<b>c</b>/-60
<b>−B</b>5<b>g</b>5<b>:.</b>"Salinity
measurements"<b>:</b> > stereo1.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">To make a
12-cm-wide stereographic basemap for Australia from an
arbitrary view point (not the poles), and use a rectangular
boundary, we must give the pole for the new projection and
use the <b>−R</b> option to indicate the lower left
and upper right corners (in lon/lat) that will define our
rectangle. We choose a pole at 130/-30 and use 100/-45 and
160/-5 as our corners. The command becomes</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>100/-45/160/-5<b>r −JS130/-30/12c
−B30g30/15g15:."General Stereographic View":
> stereo2.ps</b></p>
<a name="MISCELLANEOUS MAP PROJECTIONS"></a>
<h2>MISCELLANEOUS MAP PROJECTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Hammer
[equal-area]</b> <br>
The Hammer projection is mostly used for global maps and
thus the spherical form is used. To get a world map centered
on Greenwich at a scale of 1:200000000, use</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rd −Jh</b>0/1:200000000
<b>−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Hammer<b>:</b>
> hammer.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Sinusoidal
[equal-area]</b> <br>
To make a sinusoidal world map centered on Greenwich, with a
scale along the equator of 0.02 inch/degree, use</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rd −Ji</b>0/0.02<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Sinusoidal<b>:</b>
> sinus1.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">To make an
interrupted sinusoidal world map with breaks at 160W, 20W,
and 60E, with a scale along the equator of 0.02 inch/degree,
run the following sequence of commands:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>-160/-20/-90/90 <b>−Ji</b>-90/0.02<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>Wesn −K</b>
> sinus_i.ps <b><br>
psbasemap −R</b>-20/60/-90/90
<b>−Ji</b>20/0.02<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>wesn −O
−K −X</b>2.8<b>i</b> >> sinus_i.ps <b><br>
psbasemap −R</b>60/200/-90/90
<b>−Ji</b>130/0.02<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>wEsn −O
−X</b>1.6<b>i</b> >> sinus_i.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Eckert IV
[equal-area]</b> <br>
Pseudo-cylindrical projection typically used for global maps
only. Set the central longitude and scale, e.g.,</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −Jkf</b>180/0.064<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>"Eckert
IV"<b>:</b> > eckert4.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Eckert VI
[equal-area]</b> <br>
Another pseudo-cylindrical projection typically used for
global maps only. Set the central longitude and scale,
e.g.,</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −Jks</b>180/0.064<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>"Eckert
VI"<b>:</b> > eckert6.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Robinson</b>
<br>
Projection designed to make global maps "look
right". Set the central longitude and width, e.g.,</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rd −JN</b>0/8<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Robinson<b>:</b>
> robinson.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Winkel
Tripel</b> <br>
Yet another projection typically used for global maps only.
You can set the central longitude, e.g.,</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−R</b>90/450/-90/90 <b>−JR</b>270/25<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>"Winkel
Tripel"<b>:</b> > winkel.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Mollweide
[equal-area]</b> <br>
The Mollweide projection is also mostly used for global maps
and thus the spherical form is used. To get a 25-cm-wide
world map centered on the Dateline:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JW</b>180/25<b>c
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>Mollweide<b>:</b>
> mollweide.ps</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>Van der
Grinten</b> <br>
The Van der Grinten projection is also mostly used for
global maps and thus the spherical form is used. To get a
7-inch-wide world map centered on the Dateline:</p>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><b>psbasemap
−Rg −JV</b>180/7<b>i
−B</b>30<b>g</b>30/15<b>g</b>15<b>:.</b>"Van der
Grinten"<b>:</b> > grinten.ps</p>
<a name="RESTRICTIONS"></a>
<h2>RESTRICTIONS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">For some
projections, a spherical earth is implicitly assumed. A
warning will notify the user if <b>−V</b> is set. Also
note that plot titles are not plotted if <b>−E</b> is
given.</p>
<a name="BUGS"></a>
<h2>BUGS</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em">The
<b>−B</b> option is somewhat complicated to explain
and comprehend. However, it is fairly simple for most
applications (see examples).</p>
<a name="SEE ALSO"></a>
<h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p style="margin-left:11%; margin-top: 1em"><i><A HREF="gmtcolors.html">gmtcolors</A></i>(5),
<i><A HREF="gmtdefaults.html">gmtdefaults</A></i>(1), <i><A HREF="GMT.html">GMT</A></i>(1)</p>
<hr>
</body>
</html>
distrib
>
Fedora
>
14
>
x86_64
>
media
>
os
>
by-pkgid
>
4b194777eaf705e440bb2ce282d32772
>
files
>
987
