<HTML> <BODY> <PRE> <!-- Manpage converted by man2html 3.0.1 --> </PRE> <H2>NAME</H2><PRE> ftp - ARPANET file transfer program </PRE> <H2>SYNOPSIS</H2><PRE> <B>ftp</B> [<B>-v</B>] [<B>-d</B>] [<B>-i</B>] [<B>-n</B>] [<B>-g</B>] [<B>-k</B> <I>realm</I>] [<B>-f</B>] [<B>-x</B>] [<B>-u</B>] [<B>-t</B>] [<I>host</I>] </PRE> <H2>DESCRIPTION</H2><PRE> <B>FTP</B> is the user interface to the ARPANET standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site. </PRE> <H2>OPTIONS</H2><PRE> Options may be specified at the command line, or to the com- mand interpreter. -<B>v</B> Verbose option forces <B>ftp</B> to show all responses from the remote server, as well as report on data transfer statistics. -<B>n</B> Restrains <B>ftp</B> from attempting ``auto-login'' upon ini- tial connection. If auto-login is enabled, <B>ftp</B> will check the .<I>netrc</I> (see below) file in the user's home directory for an entry describing an account on the remote machine. If no entry exists, <B>ftp</B> will prompt for the remote machine login name (default is the user identity on the local machine), and, if necessary, prompt for a password and an account with which to login. -<B>u</B> Restrains <B>ftp</B> from attempting ``auto-authentication'' upon initial connection. If auto-authentication is enabled, <B>ftp</B> attempts to authenticate to the FTP server by sending the AUTH command, using whichever authenti- cation types are locally supported. Once an authenti- cation type is accepted, an authentication protocol will proceed by issuing ADAT commands. This option also disables auto-login. -<B>i</B> Turns off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers. -<B>d</B> Enables debugging. -<B>g</B> Disables file name globbing. -<B>f</B> Causes credentials to be forwarded to the remote host. -<B>x</B> Causes the client to attempt to negotiate encryption (data and command protection levels ``private'') immediately after successfully authenticating. -<B>t</B> Enables packet tracing. </PRE> <H2>COMMANDS</H2><PRE> The client host with which <B>ftp</B> is to communicate may be specified on the command line. If this is done, <B>ftp</B> will immediately attempt to establish a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise, <B>ftp</B> will enter its command interpreter and await instructions from the user. When <B>ftp</B> is awaiting commands from the user the prompt ``ftp>'' is provided to the user. The following commands are recognized by <B>ftp</B>: <B>!</B> [<I>command</I>] [<I>args</I>]] Invoke an interactive shell on the local machine. If there are arguments, the first is taken to be a command to execute directly, with the rest of the arguments as its arguments. <B>$</B> <I>macro</I>-<I>name</I> [<I>args</I>] Execute the macro <I>macro</I>-<I>name</I> that was defined with the <B>macdef</B> command. Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed. <B>account</B> [<I>passwd</I>] Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access to resources once a login has been successfully completed. If no argument is included, the user will be prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode. <B>append</B> <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> [<I>remote</I>-<I>file</I>] Append a local file to a file on the remote machine. If <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> is left unspecified, the local file name is used in naming the remote file after being altered by any <B>ntrans</B> or <B>nmap</B> setting. File transfer uses the current settings for <B>type</B>, <B>format</B>, <B>mode</B>, and <B>structure</B>. <B>ascii</B> Set the file transfer <B>type</B> to network ASCII . This is the default type. <B>bell</B> Arrange that a bell be sounded after each file transfer command is completed. <B>binary</B> Set the file transfer <B>type</B> to support binary file transfer. <B>bye</B> Terminate the FTP session with the remote server and exit <B>ftp</B>. An end of file will also terminate the ses- sion and exit. <B>case</B> Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during <B>mget</B> commands. When <B>case</B> is on (default is off), remote computer file names with all letters in upper case are written in the local directory with the letters mapped to lower case. <B>ccc</B> Turn off integrity protection on the command channel. This command must be sent integrity protected, and must be proceeded by a successful ADAT command. Since turn- ing off integrity protection potentially allows an attacker to insert commands onto the command channel, some FTP servers may refuse to honor this command. <B>cd</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I> Change the working directory on the remote machine to <I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I>. <B>cdup</B> Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of the current remote machine working directory. <B>chmod</B> <I>mode</I> <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> Change the permission modes of the file <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> on the remote system to <I>mode</I>. <B>clear</B> Set the protection level on data transfers to ``clear''. If no ADAT command succeeded, then this is the default protection level. <B>close</B> Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and return to the command interpreter. Any defined macros are erased. <B>cprotect</B> [<I>protection</I>-<I>level</I>] Set the protection level on commands to <I>protection</I>- <I>level</I>. The valid protection levels are ``clear'' for unprotected commands, ``safe'' for commands integrity protected by cryptographic checksum, and ``private'' for commands confidentiality and integrity protected by encryption. If an ADAT command succeeded, then the default command protection level is ``safe'', otherwise the only possible level is ``clear''. If no level is specified, the current level is printed. <B>cprotect</B> <B>clear</B> is equivalent to the <B>ccc</B> command. <B>cr</B> Toggle carriage return stripping during ascii type file retrieval. Records are denoted by a carriage return/linefeed sequence during ascii type file transfer. When <B>cr</B> is on (the default), carriage returns are stripped from this sequence to conform with the UNIX single linefeed record delimiter. Records on non-UNIX remote systems may contain single linefeeds; when an ascii type transfer is made, these linefeeds may be distinguished from a record delimiter only when <B>cr</B> is off. <B>delete</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> Delete the file <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> on the remote machine. <B>debug</B> [<I>debug</I>-<I>value</I>] Toggle debugging mode. If an optional <I>debug</I>-<I>value</I> is specified it is used to set the debugging level. When debugging is on, <B>ftp</B> prints each command sent to the remote machine, preceded by the string `-->' <B>dir</B> [<I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I>] [<I>local</I>-<I>file</I>] Print a listing of the directory contents in the direc- tory, <I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I>, and, optionally, placing the output in <I>local</I>-<I>file</I>. If interactive prompting is on, <B>ftp</B> will prompt the user to verify that the last argu- ment is indeed the target local file for receiving <B>dir</B> output. If no directory is specified, the current working directory on the remote machine is used. If no local file is specified, or <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> is `<B>-</B>', output comes to the terminal. <B>disconnect</B> A synonym for <I>close</I>. <B>form</B> <I>format</I> Set the file transfer <B>form</B> to <I>format</I>. The default for- mat is ``file''. <B>get</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> [<I>local</I>-<I>file</I>] Retrieve the file <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> and store it on the local machine. If the local file name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote machine, subject to alteration by the current <B>case</B>, <B>ntrans</B>, and <B>nmap</B> settings. The current settings for <B>type</B>, <B>form</B>, <B>mode</B>, and <B>structure</B> are used while transferring the file. <B>glob</B> Toggle filename expansion for <B>mdelete</B>, <B>mget</B>, and <B>mput</B>. If globbing is turned off with <B>glob</B>, the file name arguments are taken literally and not expanded. Glob- bing for <B>mput</B> is done as in <B>csh(1)</B>. For <B>mdelete</B> and <B>mget</B>, each remote file name is expanded separately on the remote machine and the lists are not merged. Expansion of a directory name is likely to be different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file: the exact result depends on the foreign operating system and ftp server, and can be previewed by doing `mls remote-files -' Note: <B>mget</B> and <B>mput</B> are not meant to transfer entire directory subtrees of files. That can be done by transferring a <B>tar(1)</B> archive of the subtree (in binary mode). <B>hash</B> Toggle hash-sign (``#'') printing for each data block transferred. The size of a data block is 1024 bytes. <B>help</B> [<I>command</I>] Print an informative message about the meaning of <I>com-</I> <I>mand</I>. If no argument is given, <B>ftp</B> prints a list of the known commands. <B>idle</B> [<I>seconds</I>] Set the inactivity timer on the remote server to <I>seconds</I> seconds. If <I>seconds</I> is omitted, the current inactivity timer is printed. <B>lcd</B> [<I>directory</I>] Change the working directory on the local machine. If no <I>directory</I> is specified, the user's home directory is used. <B>ls</B> [<I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I>] [<I>local</I>-<I>file</I>] Print a listing of the contents of a directory on the remote machine. The listing includes any system- dependent information that the server chooses to include; for example, most UNIX systems will produce output from the command `ls -l'. (See also <B>nlist</B>.) If <I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I> is left unspecified, the current work- ing directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, <B>ftp</B> will prompt the user to verify that the last argu- ment is indeed the target local file for receiving <B>ls</B> output. If no local file is specified, or if <I>local</I>- <I>file</I> is `<B>-</B>', the output is sent to the terminal. <B>macdef</B><I>macro</I>-<I>name</I> Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro <I>macro</I>-<I>name</I>; a null line (consecutive newline characters in a file or carriage returns from the ter- minal) terminates macro input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all defined macros. Macros remain defined until a <B>close</B> command is executed. The macro processor interprets `$' and `\' as special characters. A `$' followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by the corresponding argument on the macro invocation command line. A `$' followed by an `i' signals that macro processor that the executing macro is to be looped. On the first pass `$i' is replaced by the first argument on the macro invocation command line, on the second pass it is replaced by the second argument, and so on. A `\' followed by any character is replaced by that character. Use the `\' to prevent special treatment of the `$'. <B>mdelete</B> [<I>remote</I>-<I>files</I>] Delete <I>remote</I>-<I>files</I> on the remote machine. <B>mdir</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>files</I> <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> Like <B>dir</B>, except multiple remote files may be speci- fied. If interactive prompting is on, <B>ftp</B> will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving <B>mdir</B> output. <B>mget</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>files</I> Expand the <I>remote</I>-<I>files</I> on the remote machine and do a <B>get</B> for each file name thus produced. See <B>glob</B> for details on the filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to <B>case</B>, <B>ntrans</B>, and <B>nmap</B> settings. Files are transferred into the local working directory, which can be changed with `lcd directory'; new local directories can be created with `! mkdir directory'. <B>mkdir</B> <I>directory</I>-<I>name</I> Make a directory on the remote machine. <B>mls</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>files</I> <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> Like <B>nlist</B>, except multiple remote files may be speci- fied, and the <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> must be specified. If interactive prompting is on, <B>ftp</B> will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving <B>mls</B> output. <B>mode</B> [<I>mode</I>-<I>name</I>] Set the file transfer <B>mode</B> to <I>mode</I>-<I>name</I>. The default mode is ``stream'' mode. <B>modtime</B> <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> Show the last modification time of the file on the remote machine. <B>mput</B> <I>local</I>-<I>files</I> Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments and do a <B>put</B> for each file in the resulting list. See <B>glob</B> for details of filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to <B>ntrans</B> and <B>nmap</B> settings. <B>newer</B> <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> Get the file only if the modification time of the remote file is more recent that the file on the current system. If the file does not exist on the current sys- tem, the remote file is considered <B>newer</B>. Otherwise, this command is identical to <B>get</B>. <B>nlist</B> [<I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I>] [<I>local</I>-<I>file</I>] Print a list of the files in a directory on the remote machine. If <I>remote</I>-<I>directory</I> is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If interactive prompting is on, <B>ftp</B> will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving <B>nlist</B> output. If no local file is speci- fied, or if <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> is `<B>-</B>', the output is sent to the terminal. <B>nmap</B> [<I>inpattern</I> <I>outpattern</I>] Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, remote filenames are mapped during <B>mput</B> commands and <B>put</B> commands issued without a specified remote target filename. If argu- ments are specified, local filenames are mapped during <B>mget</B> commands and <B>get</B> commands issued without a speci- fied local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to non-UNIX remote computer with dif- ferent file naming conventions or practices. The map- ping follows the pattern set by <I>inpattern</I> and <I>outpat-</I> <I>tern</I>. [<I>Inpattern</I>] is a template for incoming filenames (which may have already been processed according to the <B>ntrans</B> and <B>case</B> settings). Variable templating is accomplished by including the sequences `$1', `$2', ..., `$9' in <I>inpattern</I>. Use `\' to prevent this spe- cial treatment of the `$' character. All other charac- ters are treated literally, and are used to determine the <B>nmap</B> [<I>inpattern</I>] variable values. For example, given <I>inpattern</I> $1.$2 and the remote file name "mydata.data", $1 would have the value "mydata", and $2 would have the value "data". The <I>outpattern</I> determines the resulting mapped filename. The sequences `$1', `$2', ..., `$9' are replaced by any value resulting from the <I>inpattern</I> template. The sequence `$0' is replace by the original filename. Additionally, the sequence `[<I>seq1</I>, <I>seq2</I>]' is replaced by [<I>seq1</I>] if <I>seq1</I> is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by <I>seq2</I>. For example, the command nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file] would yield the output filename "myfile.data" for input filenames "myfile.data" and "myfile.data.old", "myfile.file" for the input filename "myfile", and "myfile.myfile" for the input filename ".myfile". Spaces may be included in <I>outpattern</I>, as in the exam- ple: `nmap $1 sed "s/ *$//" > $1'. Use the `\' charac- ter to prevent special treatment of the `$','[',']', and `,' characters. <B>ntrans</B> [<I>inchars</I> [<I>outchars</I>]] Set or unset the filename character translation mechan- ism. If no arguments are specified, the filename char- acter translation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, characters in remote filenames are translated during <B>mput</B> commands and <B>put</B> commands issued without a specified remote target filename. If argu- ments are specified, characters in local filenames are translated during <B>mget</B> commands and <B>get</B> commands issued without a specified local target filename. This com- mand is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX remote computer with different file naming conventions or practices. Characters in a filename matching a charac- ter in <I>inchars</I> are replaced with the corresponding character in <I>outchars</I>. If the character's position in <I>inchars</I> is longer than the length of <I>outchars</I>, the character is deleted from the file name. <B>open</B> <I>host</I> [<I>port</I>] [<B>-forward</B>] Establish a connection to the specified <I>host</I> FTP server. An optional port number may be supplied, in which case, <B>ftp</B> will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the <B>auto-authenticate</B> option is on (default), <B>ftp</B> will attempt to authenticate to the FTP server by sending the AUTH command, using whichever authentication types which are locally supported. Once an authentication type is accepted, an authentication protocol will proceed by issuing ADAT commands. If the <B>auto-login</B> option is on (default), <B>ftp</B> will also attempt to automatically log the user in to the FTP server (see below). If the -<B>forward</B> option is speci- fied, <B>ftp</B> will forward a copy of the user's Kerberos tickets to the remote host. <B>passive</B> Toggle passive data transfer mode. In passive mode, the client initiates the data connection by listening on the data port. Passive mode may be necessary for operation from behind firewalls which do not permit incoming connections. <B>private</B> Set the protection level on data transfers to ``private''. Data transmissions are confidentiality and integrity protected by encryption. If no ADAT com- mand succeeded, then the only possible level is ``clear''. <B>prompt</B> Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs during multiple file transfers to allow the user to selectively retrieve or store files. If prompting is turned off (default is on), any <B>mget</B> or <B>mput</B> will transfer all files, and any <B>mdelete</B> will delete all files. <B>protect</B> [<I>protection</I>-<I>level</I>] Set the protection level on data transfers to <I>protection</I>-<I>level</I>. The valid protection levels are ``clear'' for unprotected data transmissions, ``safe'' for data transmissions integrity protected by crypto- graphic checksum, and ``private'' for data transmis- sions confidentiality and integrity protected by encryption. If no ADAT command succeeded, then the only possible level is ``clear''. If no level is specified, the current level is printed. The default protection level is ``clear''. <B>proxy</B> <I>ftp</I>-<I>command</I> Execute an ftp command on a secondary control connec- tion. This command allows simultaneous connection to two remote ftp servers for transferring files between the two servers. The first <B>proxy</B> command should be an <B>open</B> <B>,</B> to establish the secondary control connection. Enter the command "proxy ?" to see other ftp commands executable on the secondary connection. The following commands behave differently when prefaced by <B>proxy</B>: <B>open</B> will not define new macros during the auto-login process, <B>close</B> will not erase existing macro defini- tions, <B>get</B> and <B>mget</B> transfer files from the host on the primary control connection to the host on the secondary control connection, and <B>put</B>, <B>mput</B>, and <B>append</B> transfer files from the host on the secondary control connection to the host on the primary control connection. Third party file transfers depend upon support of the ftp protocol PASV command by the server on the secondary control connection. <B>put</B> <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> [<I>remote</I>-<I>file</I>] Store a local file on the remote machine. If <I>remote</I>- <I>file</I> is left unspecified, the local file name is used after processing according to any <B>ntrans</B> or <B>nmap</B> set- tings in naming the remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for <B>type</B>, <B>format</B>, <B>mode</B>, and <B>struc-</B> <B>ture</B>. <B>pwd</B> Print the name of the current working directory on the remote machine. <B>quit</B> A synonym for <B>bye</B>. <B>quote</B> <I>arg1</I> [<I>arg2</I>] [...] The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server. <B>recv</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> [<I>local</I>-<I>file</I>] A synonym for get. <B>reget</B> <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> [<I>local</I>-<I>file</I>] Reget acts like get, except that if <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> exists and is smaller than <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I>, <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> is presumed to be a partially transferred copy of <I>remote</I>-<I>file</I> and the transfer is continued from the apparent point of failure. This command is useful when transferring very large files over networks that are prone to dropping connections. <B>remotehelp</B> [<I>command</I>-<I>name</I>] Request help from the remote FTP server. If a <I>command</I>-<I>name</I> is specified it is supplied to the server as well. <B>remotestatus</B> [<I>file</I>-<I>name</I>] With no arguments, show status of remote machine. If <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> is specified, show status of <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> on remote machine. <B>rename</B> [<I>from</I>] [<I>to</I>] Rename the file <I>from</I> on the remote machine, to the file <I>to</I>. <B>reset</B> Clear reply queue. This command re-synchronizes command/reply sequencing with the remote ftp server. Resynchronization may be necessary following a viola- tion of the ftp protocol by the remote server. <B>restart</B> <I>marker</I> Restart the immediately following <B>get</B> or <B>put</B> at the indicated <I>marker</I>. On UNIX systems, marker is usually a byte offset into the file. <B>rmdir</B> <I>directory</I>-<I>name</I> Delete a directory on the remote machine. <B>runique</B> Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique filenames. If a file already exists with a name equal to the target local filename for a <B>get</B> or <B>mget</B> command, a ".1" is appended to the name. If the resulting name matches another existing file, a ".2" is appended to the original name. If this process continues up to ".99", an error message is printed, and the transfer does not take place. The generated unique filename will be reported. Note that <B>runique</B> will not affect local files generated from a shell command (see below). The default value is off. <B>safe</B> Set the protection level on data transfers to ``safe''. Data transmissions are integrity-protected by crypto- graphic checksum. If no ADAT command succeeded, then the only possible level is ``clear''. <B>send</B> <I>local</I>-<I>file</I> [<I>remote</I>-<I>file</I>] A synonym for put. <B>sendport</B> Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, <B>ftp</B> will attempt to use a PORT command when establishing a con- nection for each data transfer. The use of PORT com- mands can prevent delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT command fails, <B>ftp</B> will use the default data port. When the use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful for certain FTP implementations which do ignore PORT commands but, incorrectly, indicate they've been accepted. <B>site</B> <I>arg1</I> [<I>arg2</I>] [...] The arguments specified are sent, verbatim, to the remote FTP server as a SITE command. <B>size</B> <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> Return size of <I>file</I>-<I>name</I> on remote machine. <B>status</B> Show the current status of <B>ftp</B>. <B>struct</B> <I>struct</I>-<I>name</I> Set the file transfer <I>structure</I> to <I>struct</I>-<I>name</I>. By default ``stream'' structure is used. <B>sunique</B> Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file names. Remote ftp server must support ftp proto- col STOU command for successful completion. The remote server will report unique name. Default value is off. <B>system</B> Show the type of operating system running on the remote machine. <B>tenex</B> Set the file transfer type to that needed to talk to TENEX machines. <B>trace</B> Toggle packet tracing. <B>type</B> [<I>type</I>-<I>name</I>] Set the file transfer <B>type</B> to <I>type</I>-<I>name</I>. If no type is specified, the current type is printed. The default type is network ASCII. <B>umask</B> [<I>newmask</I>] Set the default umask on the remote server to <I>newmask</I>. If <I>newmask</I> is omitted, the current umask is printed. <B>user</B> <I>user</I>-<I>name</I> [<I>password</I>] [<I>account</I>] Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the <I>password</I> is not specified and the server requires it, <B>ftp</B> will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo). If an <I>account</I> field is not specified, and the FTP server requires it, the user will be prompted for it. If an <I>account</I> field is specified, an account com- mand will be relayed to the remote server after the login sequence is completed if the remote server did not require it for logging in. Unless <B>ftp</B> is invoked with ``auto-login'' disabled, this process is done automatically on initial connection to the FTP server. <B>verbose</B> Toggle verbose mode. In verbose mode, all responses from the FTP server are displayed to the user. In addition, if verbose is on, when a file transfer com- pletes, statistics regarding the efficiency of the transfer are reported. By default, verbose is on. <B>?</B> <B>[</B><I>command</I><B>]</B> A synonym for help. Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with quote `"' marks. </PRE> <H2>ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER</H2><PRE> To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key (usually Ctrl-C). Sending transfers will be immediately halted. Receiving transfers will be halted by sending a FTP protocol ABOR command to the remote server, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is accomplished depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR processing. If the remote server does not support the ABOR command, an `ftp>' prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the requested file. The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when <B>ftp</B> has completed any local processing and is awaiting a reply from the remote server. A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including viola- tions of the ftp protocol. If the delay results from unex- pected remote server behavior, the local <B>ftp</B> program must be killed by hand. </PRE> <H2>FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS</H2><PRE> Files specified as arguments to <B>ftp</B> commands are processed according to the following rules. 1. If the file name `<B>-</B>' is specified, <I>stdin</I> (for reading) or <I>stdout</I> (for writing) is used. 2. If the first character of the file name is `|', the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. <B>Ftp</B> then forks a shell, using <B>popen(3)</B> with the argument supplied, and reads from (writes to) stdout (stdin). If the shell command includes spaces, the argument must be quoted; e.g. ``" ls -lt"''. A particularly useful example of this mechanism is: ``dir more''. 3. Failing the above checks, if ``globbing'' is enabled, local file names are expanded according to the rules used in <B>csh(1)</B>; c.f. the <B>glob</B> command. If the <B>ftp</B> com- mand expects a single local file (.e.g. <B>put</B>), only the first filename generated by the ``globbing'' operation is used. 4. For <B>mget</B> commands and <B>get</B> commands with unspecified local file names, the local filename is the remote filename, which may be altered by a <B>case</B>, <B>ntrans</B>, or <B>nmap</B> setting. The resulting filename may then be altered if <B>runique</B> is on. 5. For <B>mput</B> commands and <B>put</B> commands with unspecified remote file names, the remote filename is the local filename, which may be altered by a <B>ntrans</B> or <B>nmap</B> set- ting. The resulting filename may then be altered by the remote server if <B>sunique</B> is on. </PRE> <H2>FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS</H2><PRE> The FTP specification specifies many parameters which may affect a file transfer. The <B>type</B> may be one of ``ascii'', ``image'' (binary), ``ebcdic'', and ``local byte size'' (mostly for PDP-10's and PDP-20's). <B>Ftp</B> supports the ascii and image types of file transfer, plus local byte size 8 for <B>tenex</B> mode transfers. <B>Ftp</B> supports only the default values for the remaining file transfer parameters: <B>mode</B>, <B>form</B>, and <B>struct</B>. </PRE> <H2>THE .netrc FILE</H2><PRE> The .<I>netrc</I> file contains login and initialization informa- tion used by the auto-login process. It resides in the user's home directory. The following tokens are recognized; they may be separated by spaces, tabs, or new-lines: <B>machine</B> <I>name</I> Identify a remote machine <I>name</I>. The auto-login process searches the .<I>netrc</I> file for a <B>machine</B> token that matches the remote machine specified on the <B>ftp</B> command line or as an <B>open</B> command argument. Once a match is made, the subsequent .<I>netrc</I> tokens are processed, stop- ping when the end of file is reached or another <B>machine</B> or a <B>default</B> token is encountered. <B>default</B> This is the same as <B>machine</B> <I>name</I> except that <B>default</B> matches any name. There can be only one <B>default</B> token, and it must be after all <B>machine</B> tokens. This is nor- mally used as: default login anonymous password user@site thereby giving the user <I>automatic</I> anonymous ftp login to machines not specified in .<I>netrc</I>. This can be over- ridden by using the -<B>n</B> flag to disable auto-login. <B>login</B> <I>name</I> Identify a user on the remote machine. If this token is present, the auto-login process will initiate a login using the specified <I>name</I>. <B>password</B> <I>string</I> Supply a password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires a password as part of the login process. Note that if this token is present in the .<I>netrc</I> file for any user other than <I>anonymous</I>, <B>ftp</B> will abort the auto-login process if the .<I>netrc</I> is readable by anyone besides the user. <B>account</B> <I>string</I> Supply an additional account password. If this token is present, the auto-login process will supply the specified string if the remote server requires an addi- tional account password, or the auto-login process will initiate an ACCT command if it does not. <B>macdef</B> <I>name</I> Define a macro. This token functions like the <B>ftp</B> <B>mac-</B> <B>def</B> command functions. A macro is defined with the specified name; its contents begin with the next .<I>netrc</I> line and continue until a null line (consecutive new- line characters) is encountered. If a macro named <B>init</B> is defined, it is automatically executed as the last step in the auto-login process. </PRE> <H2>ENVIRONMENT</H2><PRE> <B>Ftp</B> utilizes the following environment variables. HOME For default location of a .<I>netrc</I> file, if one exists. SHELL For default shell. </PRE> <H2>SEE ALSO</H2><PRE> <B>ftpd(8)</B> Lunt, S. J., FTP Security Extensions, Internet Draft, November 1993. </PRE> <H2>HISTORY</H2><PRE> The <B>ftp</B> command appeared in 4.2BSD. </PRE> <H2>BUGS</H2><PRE> Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior by the remote server. An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the 4.2BSD ascii-mode transfer code has been corrected. This correc- tion may result in incorrect transfers of binary files to and from 4.2BSD servers using the ascii type. Avoid this problem by using the binary image type. </PRE> <HR> <ADDRESS> Man(1) output converted with <a href="http://www.oac.uci.edu/indiv/ehood/man2html.html">man2html</a> </ADDRESS> </BODY> </HTML>